Difference Between Sex and Gender - 1134 Words

Amongst the many popular misconceptions in today’s society, the in depth differences between sex and gender has grown to be one that is discussed extensively by psychologists and sociologists too. Sex in itself is a more scientific term that explains the innate physical attributes of an individual. On the other hand gender carries a more social tone. Meaning, that it refers to the different clothing, activities, career choices, and positions people hold in society. This essay aims to highlight some of the key differential aspects between these two concepts; while the term sex has been well defined over the years, we learn how the topic of gender managed to rake up an in-depth study as well as gain its own significance in society. To†¦show more content†¦People begin to act in ways that are consistent to their self-conception which is considered gratifying. For example a boy may have the following ideological mind set, I am a boy, therefore I want to do boy things, therefore the opportunity to do boy things (and to gain approval for doing them) is rewarding (Kohlberg, 1966, p. 89). To conclude, sex is the biological factor that differentiates females from males and gender on the other hand is defined by what society considers right and inculcates in males and females that encouraging masculinity or femininity. We can support the fact how gender has gained prominence in the world today through facts such as how gender division of labor in the past was the norm and how it is more of a misconception in certain cultures now. Gender does have a biological approach as well; scientists have researched extensively how the formation of chromosomes and furthermore different sex hormones has an effect on masculine and feminine behavioral characteristics. Along with that, cognitive development which theorizes self-conceptualization to be gratifying and determinant for males and females is also another facet of gender development in the world today and simply justifies how gender has extended its presence amongst us. Reference List 1) Mikkola, M. (2011). Feminist perspectives on sex and gender. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Sex And Gender871 Words   |  4 PagesWith sex and gender being such a predominate factor in determining our position in society, it is difficult to hinder ourselves from distinguishing certain characteristics and attributes to be masculine (male) or feminine(female). Is is paramount to distinguish the differences between sex and gender. Sex is determined by our hormones and anatomy while gender is the social meanings, behaviors, and expectations attached to a given sex by society (Logg, Lecture Notes, Fall 2015). Generally speakingRead MoreGender Differences Between Gender And Sex1334 Words   |  6 Pagesmany people are constantly categorized to be confused about what their whole life and purpose is, because they cannot be placed in one of the two socially accepted gender categories- male or female. This idea or â€Å"disorder†(Medical Dictionary) is commonl y known as being transgender. I do not think that there are only two categories for gender; I believe that there are people who are not considered to be only male or female, but both. Due to different religions, influences, social structures, and expectationsRead MoreDifference Between Sex and Gender1127 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, the in depth differences between sex and gender has grown to be one that is discussed extensively by psychologists and sociologists too. Sex in itself is a more scientific term that explains the innate physical attributes of an individual. On the other hand gender carries a more social tone. Meaning, that it refers to the different clothing, activities, career choices, and positions people hold in society. This essay aims to highlight some of the key differential aspects between these two concepts;Read MoreDifferences Between Sex And Gender Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesThere are distinct differences between Sex and Gender. Sex is divided up into two divisions, male or female, based upon their reproductive system. Gender is the notion set by society on what social behaviours are acceptable for males and females, for example the expectation that females are more caring or nurturing than men. Gender can be further divided into two subcategorise: identity and stereotype. Gender identity is the concept that your sex and gender do not have to be the same but can differentRead MoreGender Differences Between Sex And Gender911 Words   |  4 Pages Now in our generation there has been great controversy about what gender you are and what kind of love you believe in. One thing many people fail to realize is that your gender and your designated sex are two completely different things. Not only is there that divide between sex and gender but there is pre-determined rules that everyone is expected to follow that is connected to their specific gender. Because gender is an ever-changing thing for some there needs to be the support for tho se wishingRead MoreDifferences Between Sex And Gender1498 Words   |  6 Pagespeople tend to confuse between sex and gender thinking that they’re the same thing. Sex is the two main categories of male and female into which humans and most other living things are biologically divided in. Gender however, is the state of being male or female and typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones. Children in the same family have different experiences in their interactions with their mothers and fathers. Such differences may teach childrenRead MoreThe Differences Between Sex And Gender1027 Words   |  5 Pages A major question in social science is the difference between sex and gender. Contrary to popular belief, sex and gender are not the same. Sex is defined as biological differences that make someone a male or female. On the other hand, gender is a social arrangement that defines how to act according to sex categories (Conley 2013) . According to the writer and sociology professor, Dalton Conley, gender is so deeply rooted in social construction that it may seem as a natural structure of humans’ livesRead MoreDifference Between Sex And Gender2324 Words   |  10 PagesDifference Between Sex and Gender and How They Can Define Us A topic that has been heavily discussed throughout this course is the difference between sex and gender. For past several centuries the word gender has been used particularly as a substitute for sex and vice versa. It has proven to be quite a useful term in the past, however, distinctions between the terms sex and gender, in instances where one word would be more proper to use than the other, have not been fully recognized. In most instancesRead MoreDifferences Between Sex And Gender2408 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay will navigate the differences between sex and gender through definition and discourse. First I will discuss sex with reference to biology, what it means to possess the parts of a man and of a woman. Within this context I will address intersex people and will examine transgenderism. I will then explore and identify gender through a discussion of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) associated with transgenderism touching briefly on the construction of gender roles. The pape r will criticallyRead MoreThe Difference Between Sex and Gender743 Words   |  3 PagesIn today s society sex and gender seem to have two separate connotative meanings. Sex is a more scientific term that explains physical traits and sexual preferences. Gender carries a more social tone. Meaning that it refers to the different clothing, activities, career choices, and positions people hold in society. A person s social status helps separate or classify the two sexes. brbrSex is the total sum of physical characteristics that distinguish males and females from each other. The most

Animal Farm Human Nature in Animals - 823 Words

Human nature in animals. Was this really shown in George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’? In fact, there were several messages about human nature reflected in ’Animal Farm’. The messages that were expressed through many different characters and their behaviours, gave an insight into human nature, and showed many characteristics of it. The idea of equality â€Å"all animals are equal† and socialism would make an ideal society. It would be effective on Animal Farm if it were not for the pigs’ hunger for power or human nature. In Animal Farm, Old Major suggests rebellion, and becoming a place where all is equal. Napoleon and Snowball tried to take action and make this idea a reality. Napoleon seized power and what was going to be a place of†¦show more content†¦Humans steal, whether it be something materialistic, like a pen or subjective, like someone’s time. The pigs showed this characteristic and stole many things. Napoleon stole the lives from the animals he got the dogs to slaughter. He stole Snowball’s Windmill idea. The pigs stole other animals privileges, the equines lost most of their free time as they spent hours labouring , building the windmill. Because of what they stole, the pigs gained more power and ended up stealing from each other. This isn’t what happ ens in a socialist society, so it became clear that because of this it would not work out in a correct manner. Stealing is done because of greed, another human characteristic. All of the animals on the farm were greedy. This included animals that appeared to be victims. The hens went on strike when they were not allowed to keep as many eggs, this was a greedy, selfish act. Because, although it was not what they wanted to happen, it affected other animals who now were fed even less. The pigs were greedy, they had privileges the other animals did not, and they also took away the enjoyment of living in a socialist society that was being worked towards. The equines wanted sugar cubes, and Napoleon got sugar when he was eating at the dining room table, with cutlery. Cutlery, this was another privilege only he had. The animals did not know how being greedy would affect them in the long term, and most of them were not aware of the greediness andShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And Human Nature1051 Words   |  5 PagesCorrupted by Human Nature The paradigms and principles you have created shape your view of the world. The knowledge you have accumulated throughout your life contributes to your attitude towards life. Do you believe human kind is inherently selfish? In the novel Animal Farm, George Orwell speculates the evil of human nature. Allow me to unfold for you the influence of human nature before the revolution on Manor Farm and the short term and long-term results of the revolution. Animals were treatedRead MoreComparing Animal Farm And Lord Of The Flies Present Human Nature3587 Words   |  15 PagesCompare how Animal Farm and Lord of the Flies present human nature. George Orwell and William Golding were both writers who were concerned with human nature. They both thought that human nature had been twisted but they had slightly different interpretations of what it entails. George Orwell, who published Animal Farm in 1945, was influenced quite heavily on the Russian Revolution and was portraying human nature to be something that is weak and is easily corrupted through power and money, whereasRead MoreHow Has George Orwell Used Animal Farm to Present His View of Human Nature?789 Words   |  4 PagesOrwell’s Animal Farm is a satirical allegory through which he presents his cynical view of human nature. He uses the animal fable effectively to expose the issues of injustice, exploitation and inequality in human society. Orwell uses the allegory, Animal Farm, to present the story of The Russian Revolution and essentially express his opinions on the matter. By plainly exposing the unjust and corrupt system that is communism, Orwell is ultimately presenting his pessimistic view of human nature. Read MorePower Corruption. It Is A Never A Leader’S Ideal Is To1081 Words   |  5 Pagesgovern separate themselves from whom they govern. In the novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, George uses an allegorical reference between the animals in the story to symbolize actual humans. In Animal Farm the animals overthrow their human leaders in order to set up a life style where all animals are equal. In their act the very human cruel ideals and practices they revolted against ended up being the same they re-imposed. Animal Farm is an important work of fiction because of its extreme use ofRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1347 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm, the windmill that the animals build symbolizes totalitarian triumph, highlights the novel’s Soviet parallels, and emphasizes various themes and character traits. The windmill reveals the despotic and megalomanic tendencies of the pigs, particularly Napoleon, and the hardworking and naà ¯v e nature of Boxer, the horse. It also brings the themes, such as the abuse of language to bolster power, and the danger of a naà ¯ve working class, to light. Animal Farm’s symbolic windmillRead MoreAnimal Farm Essay on Utopia978 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"THE UTOPIAN DREAM, WHILE NOBLE, IS SHORT SIGHTED BECAUSE IT FAILS TO ACCOUNT FOR THE FLAWS IN HUMAN NATURE.† George Orwells allegorical novel ‘Animal Farm’ demonstrates the rapid shift from hopeful Utopian Dream, to reproachful dystopian nightmare as a result of fundamental flaws in human nature, such as avarice, selfishness and the thirst for power over others. In the novel, the animals are promised a better life if they revolt and institute the system of Animalism, then they are promised a betterRead MorePerfect Society in George Orwells Animal Farm1790 Words   |  7 Pagescivilization, humans have domesticated animals and exploited their labor for personal gain. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, however the animals take control of Manor Farm from their human overlords and rename it Animal Farm. They decree that on Animal Farm all animals are equal, and instill seven commandments to ensure that the animals stay equal. Throughout the novel Orwell shows the destruction of the egalitarian utopia that the animals have created. He suggests that the flaws of human nature are tooRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1212 Words   |  5 PagesShe stood there over the dead animals thinking to herself what have we come to? We try to become free but we just enslave ourselves to a so called superior kind. Napoleon killed the animals in front of the whole farm and said that this was to be the punishment for the traitors. Snowball was known as a traitor now and anyone conspiring with him would be killed. Snowball and Napoleon both represent historical characters during the Russian revolution in 1917.Snowball who was one of the smartest pigsRead MoreAnimal Farm : All Power Corrupts1688 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Farm: All Power Corrupts â€Å"Choose a novel or short story or a work of non-fiction which explores a theme which you find interesting. By referring to appropriate techniques, show how the writer explores the theme.† In the novel â€Å"Animal Farm†, author George Orwell explores a multitude of various themes. However, the underlying, ever-present, and arguably the most important theme in the book is power, and the corrupting effect it has on those who receive it. Orwell uses various language techniquesRead More Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagespiece of satire, Animal Farm. The main targets at the brunt of this political satire are the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the leaders involved in it. George Orwell successfully condemns these targets through satirical techniques such as irony, fable, and allegory. The immediate object of attack in Orwells political satire is the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The events narrated in Animal Farm obviously and

I.T and Hauhaus free essay sample

As they are the competitor within the market, the retailing strategies to be used are similar. Therefore, it is easier to collect and compare the financial data and draw out the conclusion to see which company would be worthier to invest. The report covers the company and industry background, ratio analysis, future forecast of two companies’ performance. 2)Company Background Bauhaus (0483, HK) Bauhaus was found in 1991. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. There are more than 200 retails store and over corners and point of sales in Hong Kong, Macau ,mainland China and Taiwan,. Apart from selling different foreign brand, liked Cheap Monday, G-Star, EVISU etc, Bauhaus also building the local brand liked Salad, T Tough Jeansmith and 80/20. It is a leading retail store in selling casual wear, especially for jeans item. There are 234 Bauhaus shops in Asia. Using the wholesale strategy, Bauhaus can expand the business from Asia to Western country. In the future, it may diversify its product line like launch more foreign brand to increase its competiveness. I. T (0999, HK) I. T was found in November of 1988. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. The Group has an extensive self managed retail network extending to nearly 450 stores across Greater China with staff around 4,800. The brands are well accepted in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Australia, the Philippines and France. More stores will be opened in these places in the future. The feature of I. T retail store is group several brands in a sizable retail location. It owns a number of in-house brands liked 5CM, fingercroxx and X-large, as well as distributing European and Japanese designer’s brands such as French Connection and A Bathing Ape Comme des Garcons, DG, etc. 3)Industry Outlook Hong Kong is one of the fashion hubs in Asia. There are a wind variety of local and international fashion brand locate there flagship store in Hong Kong. The competitive is dynamic and incentive. Hong Kong consumers are willing to spend money on fashion and clothing. As the purchasing power of is high, so the demand of fashion product is huge. According to CIA THE WORLD FACTBOOK, this entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. From this result, Hong Kong is ranking to 37 after compared to 227 countries in the year of 2010. According to the information from Asia Case Research Centre (ACRC), it shows that retail is the 2nd largest sector in the service industry that accounted for 85. 7% of Hong Kongs GDP. Also, The Census and Statistics Department (CSD) indicate that the value of total retail sales in October 2011, provisionally estimated at $34. 2 billion, increased by 23. 1% over a year earlier. Analyzed by broad type of retail outlet and comparing October 2011 with October 2010, wearing apparel increase 14. 6%; footwear, allied products and other clothing accessories increase 11. 3%. This data proofs that the demand of fashion items is huge and purchasing power in this region is relatively high. Besides, tourists come to Hong Kong are increasing each year; they bring with high purchase power in fashion items, especially those Chinese tourists. According to the statistics released by the Immigration Department, about 800,000 to 900,000 Mainland visitors travel to Hong Kong monthly. It shows that Hong Kong’s market has a huge potential development chance. According the data of Hong Kong government, the sales revenue of retailing business has a growth during April of 20010 to Feb of 2011. It is because the economic environment is better than past year. Hong Kongs GDP fell in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, but a recovery began in third quarter 2009, and the economy grew nearly 6. 8% in 2010. In addition, China’s economy growth fast, the performance of its economy growth is greater than the other country. And Hong Kong’s economy is influenced by China very much. In the future, we can see that Hong Kong’s retailing business will growth rapidly. It seems a great chance to develop the retail business; however, there are some risks on the growth of fashion retail business in Hong Kong. Nowadays, Globalization is a hot topic of the world, more and more foreign brands enter in Hong Kong market, such as GAP, Forever 21, Zara, HM and Monki, etc which provide good price and trendy design merchandises. They regarded Hong Kong as the stepping stones to go into the China market. With more branding in Hong Kong, the competition between them is becoming more intensive and serious. Therefore, the local fashion retailers have to build up their competitive advantages to withstand the impact from those foreign brands. Also, because of the inflation of Hong Kong and China, the cost of the materials, labor and transportation is getting higher. Garment manufacturing is a labor intensive activity. The cost of garment is mainly from the increasing labor cost and transportation cost. In order to deal with, the retailer probably need to order more amount of quantity each time to achieve the economy of scale, so the cost will be lower. Furthermore, as we know that Hong Kong’s rental price of shop is the first three expensive in the world. The rental price has been increasing rapidly in the recent years. From 2010 to 2011, the rental price was increased more than ten percent. So, rental price of the store is a core cost of any business, especially fashion retailer as it needs a large space for displaying and storing the products. The rental cost affects the profit of the fashion retailers. To conclude, Hong Kong fashion retail market is still positive. There are many great opportunity for Hong Kong fashion retail to expand its business. However, there are some uncertainty need to be pay attention, such as the entrance of foreign brands and the unstable rental cost. So, the local fashion industry needs to create a competitive strategy to deal with. For example, local fashion retailers can use the attractive marketing strategy, liked collaboration with other brands, provide excellent customer services and building great brand image. 4)Ratio analysis i) Test for profitability I. T (in HKD 000)Bauhaus (in HKD 000)* a)Return on Equity (Net income / Average stockholders’ equity)416945/[(1843212+1477723)/2] =25. 1%25. 1% b)Profit margins (Net income/ Net Sales)416945/3834422 =10. 9%11. 4% ii)Test for liquidity I. TBauhaus c)Current Ratio Current Asset/ Current liabilities1873282/1012495 1. 85%3. 3 d)Quick Ratio (Current Assets- Inventory)/ Current liabilities(1873282-736717)/1012495 =1. 1%1. 7 e)Inventory Turnover Cost of goods sold/ Average Inventory1405482/[(736717+394520)/2] 2. 52. 0 iii)Test for Solvency and equity position I. TBauhaus f)Debt/Equity Ratio Total liabilities/ Total stockholders’ equity(1012495+429852)/1843282 0. 78(149 7+126461)/494938 0. 26 iv) Market test I. TBauhaus g)Price/Earnings ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share4. 88/0. 33 =14. 82. 98/0. 32 =9. 3 h)Dividend Yield Ratio Dividends per share/ Market price per share0. 146/4. 8 =3. 0%0. 177/2. 98 =5. 9% *Quote from annual report* Two financial reports announced in different date- Bauhaus- For the year ended 31 March 2011 I. T—for the year ended 28 February 2011 i )Test for Profitability Profitability is a primary measure of the overall success of the company. This is a class of ratios that are used to assess a business’s ability that generate earnings compared to its expenses and other relevant costs incurred. To determine rather the company is valuable for investing or not which need to get high profitability when compared with competitor’s company. However, in fashion industry, the sales revenue is seasonal. For example, the sales revenue is much higher during Christmas and Chinese New Year in Hong Kong. So, we should not compare the retailers fourth-quarter profit margin with the profit margin from the same period a year before because it would be far more informative. a)Returns on Equity This ratio indicating how much income was earned for every dollar invested by the stockholders. ROE can reflect if they have used the money that invested in the company to generate much more income. If the ROE is low, it shows that the returns of the investors will not be high. And the company doesn’t utilize the resources that they have invested. Two companies have a similar result of this ratio. Both two companies can generate about 20% of income using stockholders’ equity. It is because retail store is not very high investment to enter the market; it has higher ROE when compare to other industry liked Construction Company. In order to measure the company is worth to investing on; ROE ratio should not be lower than 15%. So, two companies are worth to invest on. b)Profit margin Profit margin is an indicator of a companys pricing strategies and how well it controls costs. It is calculated by finding the net profit as a percentage of the revenue. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss, or a negative margin. The higher profit margin means that the company has a higher ability to generate profit. I. T’s result is 10. 9%, it is lower than Bauhaus 11. 4%. I. T should minimize the expense. Bauhaus has a higher profit margin in 2010/2011. It shows that they have put effort to maximize the profit. Since compared with last year (10. 5%), it has been increased. i) Test for liquidly It is a class of financial metrics that is used to determine a companys ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. A companys ability to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts is of the utmost importance when creditors are seeking payment. Bankruptcy analysts frequently use the liquidity ratios to determine whether a company will be able to continue as a going con cern. c) Current ratio This ratio measures the ability of the company to pay current debts as they become due. It is the important ratio that we can identify if the company has a good cash flow. If the debts recalled but the company does not have enough money to pay it, the company may be asked to bankrupt. On the other hand, current ratio should be in appropriate level. Ratio is too high means the company did not fully utilize the current assets to generate the profit. Bauhaus have a higher current ratio than I. T, it means Bauhaus’ ability of returning the debts is greater than I. T. It can more utilize current assets to generate more income. It shows that they have $3. 3current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. Investor need to concern the ability of a company that utilizes the current asset. I. T has a lower Current ratio than Bauhaus. However, it is enough ability for them to returning the current liabilities when they are recalled. And it shows that I. T has better utilization of the assets to generate profit. It shows that they have $1. 85 current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. d) Quick Ratio Quick Ratio is similar with the current ratio with no consideration on the inventory factor. It is more representatives to measuring rather the company can return the current liabilities immediately. The quick assets included Cash, Accounts receivable etc. These assets can return into cash in short time. Inventory will not be counted in this ratio as it may need longer time to return into cash and a risk of cannot be sold. It is a very important ratio for fashion industry, since the trends cycle of clothing is fast, the product may be in today, but out day tomorrow. So, fashion retailer should not keep too many inventories. Bauhaus have a higher in Quick ratio, however, compared with the current ratio, it is a great variation on two ratios. It means that the inventory tied up its current assets. It is not a good issue on a fashion company. They need to bare the risk on high discount of the product when the product is outdated. It will be high losses on the revenue. They can minimize the inventory through different method, liked big sale, buy one get one free and so on. Although the quick ratio f I. T is lower than Bauhaus, it is enough to returning the debts when all the current debts are recalled. e) Inventory Turnover This ratio measure how quick of a company sells their inventory. Higher inventory turnover lead to shorter cycle on inventory. Since inventory is not easily being sold out and transform into cash in a short period, fashion retailer should not hold too much inventory. Since fashion items are easily faded out. If the company store too much stock, the risk of the inventory cannot be sold out will be increase. Also, the expenses of storing will be occurred. Once the inventory is outdated, the company needs to sell it in a large mark down price. The profit of the company will be affected Since Bauhaus have a lower level on inventory, its inventory turnover will much slower than I. T. It may tie up the capital if the inventory cannot be sold. So, company should reduce the level of inventory. I. T has a greater performance on inventory turnover. It shows that they have shorter cycle on inventory. So that it is much easier transforming inventory into cash. iii) Test for Solvency and equity position It’s a set of ratio that to test the company can be able to meet it long-term repayment responsibility. It provides a measurement of company can continue to meet its debt obligations. f) Debt/ equity Ratio This ratio measure a companys financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. I. T’s result is 0. 33, shows that $0. 33 liabilities that exists for each $1 invested by the owners. It is a very low value. Bauhaus’s result is 0. 21, which is lower than I. T. In the Balance Sheet, we can find out that Bauhaus did not ask for the long term debts from the third party. It shows that they don’t have the interest burden. The result shows that two companies is not using the debt financing to acquire the financial resources, liked selling bonds, bills or notes to the investors. Debt financing is much higher risk than equity financing. As these two companies is listed company, they would like use the equity financing to raise money. And the equity financing method is more safety and no regular interest burden. v) Market Test Market test relate the current market price of share of stock to an indicator of the return that might accrue to the investor. It based on the share markets perception of the company. It can let the investor to know if the company is worth to invest. g) PE Ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share This ratio measure the re lationship between the current market price of the stock and its earnings per share. The higher the ratio, the higher the perceived quality of the earnings by the share market. It also shows the future growth of company. If the P/E ratio is too high, it means that the value of the company is overstated. And it is not a good choice to investing on that company. I. T have a higher PE ratio than Bauhaus it means that the quality of the earnings by the share market is higher. It is more worth to invest h) Dividends Yield ratio This ratio measures the dividend-paying performance of different investment alternatives. The higher of result, the better performance. Bauhaus have a higher result, it shows that they have higher dividend-paying performance. If the investor wants to put the money into low risk and long term investment. They can choose this company. 5)Limitation on analyses of ratio Since two financial reports is announce in different ended date. The result may not be accurate. The fashion retail industry turnover is seasonal, like The Chinese New Year of 2011 was in February so the sales turnover must be high in that moment. After that, the turnover will be drop. So, these two companies will in different sales turnover rate. 6)Forecast of the company’s future prospects This part can be divided in to two parts, the 5 years income statement analysis and potential risk of the company. a)I. T The diagram shows that turnover have been increased gradually during 2007 to 2011. Although 2008-2009’s local economy is in down turn, the company still can strive to increase of turnover. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment since the economy situation is recovering and the local residents will spend more money on clothing items. The diagram shows that I. T had undergone a decrease on profit in year 2009 due the poor economy situation. And they suffered decrease of financial income. And the operating expense was higher than 2008. After 2009, there was a great improvement on profit. It has six times more profit comparing during 2010and nine times during 2011. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment of the profit if it can keep the level of expenses. However, there are some risks have been raised. The operating cost is increasing during these 5 years. Since the rental price is much higher in the recent years. They should adapt different strategy in order to keep the cost in the low level. Another risk is that I. T needs to pay attention that is the exchange issue. Since I. T sources many merchandises from different countries and the foreign exchange is unstable. For example, Japan YEN is much higher exchange rate. However, I. T’s buying office purchase many Japanese fashion brand products. So the cost and price of the merchandises will be impacted by the exchange rate. To deal with risk management, I. T embed a risk alert culture throughout the Group, the Internal Audit Department has implemented an annual internal control risk self-assessment to allow major business units to identify and analyze the risks underlying the achievement of business objectives and to determine a basis for how such identified risks to be managed and mitigated. In the coming future, I. T should pay more attention on risk management in order to prevent suffering from the economy situation and to have a greater growth. Bauhaus Bauhaus also have a gradual increase of turnover during 2007-2011. The increment from 2009 to 2010 was slowly. It may because of the economy situation was still not recovered yet. However, there was a sharply increment from 2010 to 2011. It is predict that, the turnover will be increased faster. Bauhaus also suffered a decrease of financial income in 2009. After 2009, there was an improvement on profit growth. However, the improvement is less than I. T. The diagram shows that the profit properly tends to be increased. Bauhaus also face the foreign currency risk and operation cost increment risk. The Group continuously monitors its foreign exchange position and, when necessary, will hedge foreign exchange exposure arising from contractual commitments in sourcing apparel from overseas suppliers. Generally, the Group introduces conservative strategies on its financial risk management. In the future, Bauhaus will have a great growth. However, in the fashion business market, the information is run fast, the risk is always happen. The company should build up a risk management system to minimize the risk of company operation. 7)Conclusion The financial performance of both Bauhaus and I. T compared in this report is great. And the prediction of their future growth is positive. Thereby, two companies are worth to be invested. The above ratios show that Bauhaus have a better performance than I. T. For the investor that can undergo low risk, so the investment on Bauhaus is more preferable. It is because the company growth and financial debt position is better, and it has a higher dividend yield, and they keep on paying the dividends in last 5 years. For the investor who wants to have higher return, I. T will be a good choice. It is because the PE ratio is lower, so the company still has a great improvement and the share price probably being increased. It’s good for the investor that purchasing the stock in low price and then sold them in higher price.

Foundations of Health and Wellbeing in the Community

Question: Describe about the Foundations of Health and Wellbeing in the Community? Answer: Executive Summary Diabetes is a vast problem for a society. A person dies from diabetes in every six seconds. Mrs. Raymond is a 52 year old house wife and weighs 114 kgs. She felt dizzy when walking, felt thirsty and complained of nocturia. Her blood pressure was recorded at 170/110 mm/Hg. Subsequently she was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Normal range of blood pressure is 120/80 mm/ hg and her blood pressure is 170/110 mm/Hg. Mrs. Raymond is extremely worried about her health condition. The lifestyle of Mrs. Roy is not healthy. She is not maintained a proper diet chart and her food habit is harmful for her health. Mrs. Raymond should maintain a proper diet chart. She is not maintaining a proper diet chart for last several years. She is known to eat ready- made meals at least 5 days a week and enjoys cream cakes every day. She rarely eats on time. She has facility to control her body weight and also her blood sugar level. If she wants to utilize all the facilities, her body weight will reduce very s oon. In the other hand she has also the education to utilize the facilities of her community. She has a good community to improve her life style and also to upgrade her health condition. Mrs. Raymond needs a good lifestyle and proper nutrition counseling. By testing the blood sugar level regularly, changing lifestyle behavior, nutrition counseling and pharmacologic therapy Mrs. Roy can be cured. She should follow the proper medication and instructions made by her general physician and also maintain some good nutrition habit. Her excessive body weight is a threat for her health. There is an only solution for Mrs. Raymond is to control her blood sugar level immediately and maintain proper diet chart strictly. Introduction: Profile of a patient: A 52 year old woman is suffering from diabetes last 10 years. She stays in proper Kolkata. Name: Mrs. Roy Age: 52 year Sex: Female Family size: 3 members Occupation: Home maker Marital status: Married Education: Graduate Illness: Diabetes, high blood pressure, vision problem. Ethnicity: Indian. Morbidity data: Diabetes, high blood pressure, vision problem. Income: unemployed. Mrs. Raymond spends her spare time by sleeping. She has not much energy to work in the spare time and she is very inactive. For that reason she is unable to utilize insulin. Insulin is the hormone which is responsible for the diabetes. Some patients are unable to produce insulin and some patients are unable to utilize the insulin. In case of Mrs. Raymond she cannot utilize insulin for her inactive nature and the insulin is stored in her body. She is suffering from diabetes for long time but she is not interested to reduce her sugar level by exercise or any physical activity. She is only take medicine for long time. Now some diabetes medicines are not work in her body system because of the so much use of medicines. She almost lost her vision. Mrs. Raymond is suffering from high blood pressure and her level of cholesterol is high. Her body weight is also excessive. She is a house wife. She has much time for exercise but she did not. Mrs. Raymond has so many facilities for improving her blood sugar level. A person dies from diabetes in every six seconds. Diabetes is a vast problem for a society. All nations (poor and rich) are suffering the influence of the diabetes epidemic. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition effecting from inadequate action of insulin. An increased amount of glucose in the blood is an indication that diabetes is out of control. It happens when the body cannot use the insulin or does not have enough insulin. Signs of hyperglycemia are great thirst, dry mouth and need to urinate often. For non-diabetic person: Pre-prandial plasma glucose: 4-5.9mmol/L Post-prandial plasma glucose: 7.8mmol/L For type II diabetic patient: Pre-prandial plasma glucose: 4.7mmol/L Post-prandial plasma glucose: 8.5mmol/L Mrs. Raymond is a 52 year old house wife and weighs 114 kgs. She felt dizzy when walking, felt thirsty and complained of nocturia. Her blood pressure was recorded at 170/110 mm/Hg. Subsequently she was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Mrs. Raymond is extremely worried. The lifestyle of Mrs. Roy is not healthy. She is not maintained a proper diet chart and her food habit is harmful for her health. She should do exercise daily because of her excessive blood sugar level and also excessive body weight. She should work harder for her excessive body weight. There are many more yoga classes beside her resident. So she should go to yoga classes for her unhealthy condition. Mrs. Raymond should maintain a proper diet chart. She is not maintaining a proper diet chart for last several years. She is known to eat ready- made meals at least 5 days a week and enjoys cream cakes every day. She rarely eats on time. Key Findings: She has facility to control her body weight and also her blood sugar level. If she has knowledge to utilize all the facilities, her body weight will reduce very soon. In the other hand she should has also the education to utilize the facilities of her community. She has a good community to improve her life style and also to upgrade her health condition. Because of her age she is unable to do heavy work (Uknowledge.uky.edu, 2015). Mrs. Roy is very slow and she felt dizzy when walking. She should aware of her health condition which is decreasing day by day. Mrs. Roy is an educated woman. She should have the basic knowledge about the health. The nurse should encourage Mrs. Roy to improve her life style and the awareness about the health. Mrs. Roy needs a general physician for her daily check up. The blood pressure of Mrs. Roy is not in range. She takes medicine for diabetes and high blood pressure. Her mother and two brothers have also been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes ('National Serv ice Framework for Diabetes: Standards', 2015). Obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes is the main risk factors for a diabetic patient. And for Mrs. Roys case all the possible reason of diabetes are present. So she should follow the routine which is advised by her general physician. But Mrs. Raymond has given every indication that she is not prepared to change his lifestyle or to follow the advice the Community Nurse attempts to offer him. The objective is to enable Mrs. Roy to manage his diabetes and optimize her health in the future. Mrs. Raymond is a diabetic patient with obesity and high blood pressure (Nice.org.uk, 2009). Obesity and type 2 diabetes are closely linked. The reduction of bodyweight enhances glycemic control, morbidity and mortality. The most effective anti- obesity treatment is bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery causes long term reduction of diabetes in many patients. Because of the high cost and complications Mrs. Raymond is unable to undergo this therapy. The choice of active drugs for obesity along with diabetes is very limited ('Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy', 2015). Needs analysis: Diabetes is the major problem for Mrs. Raymond. Firstly she needs to control her blood sugar level. Because of diabetes she almost lost her vision. She is very fat. Obesity is not good for health and because of the obesity her blood pressure level is not in the range. There are many reasons for the obesity. In case of Mrs. Roy cholesterol level of her is very high and she is not even doing exercise. She has many facilities to do exercise in her community. She is very inactive because of that she consumes lots of fat. She needs a counselor for her motivation. A community of nurse should take a responsibility for her health improvement. Fig 1: Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve glycemia and bring a modest weight loss, but there are doubts over their long-term safety. New drugs such as lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate are being approved for obesity and have humble, salutary effects on glycemia, but again long-term safety is unclear. As per current American Diabetes Association (ADA) and European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommendations metformine is the first-line medication used for those with Type 2 diabetes. It has an recognized safety record. Patients are guided not to stop their treatment without speaking to their doctor. NICE does not advised the use of drugs without marketing approval. Thus an effect of the choice of EMA, NICE has temporarily inhibited its recommendations on the use of rosiglitazone in this gridline. Fig 2: type 2 diabetes and obesity Discussion: Mrs. Raymond needs a good lifestyle and proper nutrition counseling. By testing the blood sugar level regularly, changing lifestyle behavior, nutrition counseling and pharmacologic therap Mrs.Roy can be cured. In pharmacological therapy glycemic management is a major work by insulin or non-insulin therapy and also the blood pressure manage by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, thiazide diuretic and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Education and self management (nutrition therapy program, weight management, exercise, foot care, and community resources) are very important for initial stage of diabetes. If not controlled, diabetes can influence every organ of the body. Diabetes is the leading reason of kidney failure and blindness. Over time high blood sugar level can harm nerves. As per National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence the marketing authorisation for rosiglitazone has been suspended. The advices for Mrs. Raymond according to the National Instit ute for Health and Excellence guidline are Diabetic education programs. The recording of lipid (blood cholesterol and fat), glucose and blood pressure levels. The detection and ongoing management of -Nerve damage and nerve pain. -Eye disease. -Depression. -Kidney disease. Dietary advice. The use of medications to -Control blood glucose. -Reduce blood pressure. -Improve lipid levels. -Control vascular (blood vessel) disease. The nurse should communicate with the patient. It is the responsibility of the nurse to motivate the patient and encourage for her health awareness. In case of Mrs. Raymond she is very lazy in nature and she has not much energy to do some effective exercise. For her lazy nature nurse plays an important role to initialize her health condition. Nurse patient interaction plays an important role in the health care service. Failure in communication can start negative outcomes. The effective nursing care is the major role for the nurse because a patient and the family of the patient both are totally dependent on the care of nurse. The trust should provide to the patient and their family with a good communication. The proper conversation is needed during the delivery of a report to the family of patient. Here the patient should not be ignored. For this reason the timing and the process of communication is very crucial between the nurse and the patient. There are few factors which are influe ncing the faith of the family of the patient. Those are the eye contact of the nurse, body language of the nurse and tone of voice of the nurse. The family of patient does not remember the name of the nurse but they remember the activity of the nurse during the crucial time of the patient. So nurse should be able to handle the difficult situations of the patient with a quality communication with the family of the patients. People are generally believed that the main reason for the obesity is related to the fatty substances in our daily food habit. Mrs. Raymond is not maintaining proper diet chart. If the diabetes stays for long time it can damage our kidney, eye vision and nerve. So people should take care for their health. Obesity is very dangerous for female. She is also suffering from hypertension. So she needs much more care for her health. Because of her inactive nature she needs a counselor immediately. Normal range of blood pressure is 120/80 mm/ hg and her blood pressure is 170/110 mm/Hg. High blood pressure can cause heart attack or heart failure. High blood pressure can affect our eye vision. Hypertension is very dangerous for a diabetic patient. A diabetes patient has a tendency to gain fat. The economic condition of Mrs. Raymond is not good. She is belonging to a middle class family. She is suffering from diabetes, hypertension and obesity. So it is very difficult for Mrs. Roy to continue her medication. Diabetes is not be cured without proper medication. So Mrs. Raymond is very much worried for her health issues. She is not an earning member. She is totally dependent on her husband. Because of her obesity Mrs. Raymond is not able to help her family economically. There is an only solution for Mrs. Raymond is to control her blood sugar level immediately and maintain proper diet chart strictly. Conclusion: Mrs. Raymond is a diabetic patient with high blood pressure. By changing his lifestyle behavior she can improve his health condition. She should follow the proper medication and instructions made by her general physician and also maintain some good nutrition habit. Mrs. Raymond should follow advice of the doctor. According to my opinion Mrs. Raymond is responsible for her poor health condition. She should immediately meet general physician and should maintain the instructions of the general physician. Apart from the proper medication Mrs. Roy should change her life style. She should not take such foods which are responsible for the diabetes. It is very clear that a proper diet chart is very difficult to maintain for Mrs. Raymond. Her health condition is very poor because of her ignorance. There were many things to do but she was not go for any of them. The danger level of her health is increasing day by day. Her excessive body weight is a threat for her health. She is suffering from type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure. Her body weight, life style and cholesterol level is not in range. References: National Service Framework for Diabetes: Standards. (2015). Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198836/National_Service_Framework_for_Diabetes.pdf Nice.org.uk,. (2009).Type 2 diabetes | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg87 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy. (2015). Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://. Kaku K et al . Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Treatment Policy. JMAJ, January/February 2010 Vol. 53, No. 1 Uknowledge.uky.edu,. (2015).Health Promotion and Health Education: Nursing Students Perspectives. Retrieved 16 March 2015, from https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012context=gradschool_diss

Effects of Improper Functions of Brain Essays - Brain, Cerebrum

Effects of Improper Functions of Brain: Accidents and head injury are very common nowadays. Head injury may severely impair the different parts of the brain and the effects of the damage vary with the region of the brain affected and also the intensity of the impact on the brain. Damage and the consequent improper function of the FRONTAL LOBE of the brain generally affects the problem solving ability of the individual. Improper functioning of the back part of the Frontal Lobe results in paralysis. Damage on the left side impairs movement of organs on the right side and vice versa. Middle part of the Frontal Lobe: Lowers motivation and slows down decision taking. Front part of the Frontal Lobe: Reduced fluency of speech (staggering), and delayed response to questions. Damage of the front part of the Parietal Lobe: Numbness and tactile sensation (touch response). Damage of the middle part of the Parietal Lobe: Calculations and writing. Left Temporal Lobe: Affects Language and comprehension. Right Temporal Lobe: Ability to sing affected. Impaired Occipital Lobe: Improper interpretation of objects, Seizure and hallucinations. Source: https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/brain-dysfunction-by-location Improper functioning of Hypothalamus affects the hormones secreted by the pituitary and causes blood pressure changes, dehydration, diabetes, etc., Source: https://www.epainassist.com/brain/hypothalamus-disorders Besides head injury, illness of the body and hereditary factors also cause improper functioning of the brain. Brain tumors cause improper functioning of the brain and they produce following effects: Vomiting Headache Seizure such as Epilepsy Hearing vision disabilities Difficulty with movements especially balancing the body Genetic disorders of the brain: Huntington's disease is caused by a gene mutation resulting in the death of brain cells. Individuals affected by this disease have improper walking, and show emotional imbalances. Parkinson's disease is partly caused by hereditary factors involving many genes and partly by environmental conditions; Patients are unable to maintain erect posture, and walk improperly. Source: https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-disorders#types https://www.northshore.org/personalized-medicine/medical-genetics/hereditary-conditions/neurological-conditions/

Types of Surveys for Sociology Research

Types of Surveys for Sociology Research Surveys are valuable research tools within sociology and are commonly used by social scientists for a wide variety of research projects. They are especially useful because they enable researchers to collect data on a mass scale, and to use that data to conduct statistical analyses that reveal conclusive results about how the variety of variables measured interact. The three most common forms of survey research are the questionnaire, interview, and telephone poll   Questionnaires Questionnaires, or printed or digital surveys, are useful because they can be distributed to many people, which means they allow for a large and randomized sample - the hallmark of valid and trustworthy empirical research. Prior to the twenty-first century, it was common for questionnaires to be distributed through the mail. While some organizations and researchers still do this, today, most opt for digital web-based questionnaires. Doing so requires fewer resources and time, and streamlines the data collection and analysis processes. However they are conducted, a commonality among questionnaires is that they feature a set list of questions for participants to respond to by selecting from a set of provided answers. These are closed-ended questions paired with fixed categories of response. While such questionnaires are useful because they allow for a large sample of participants to be reached at low cost and with minimal effort, and they yield clean data ready for analysis, there are also drawbacks to this survey method. In some cases, a respondent may not believe that any of the offered responses accurately represents their views or experiences, which may lead them to not answer or to select an answer that is inaccurate. Also, questionnaires can typically only be used with people who have a registered mailing address, or an email account and access to the internet, so this means that segments of the population without these cannot be studied with this method. Interviews While interviews and questionnaires share the same approach by asking respondents a set of structured questions, they differ in that interviews allow researchers to ask open-ended questions that create more in-depth and nuanced data sets than those afforded by questionnaires. Another key difference between the two is that interviews involve social interaction between the researcher and the participants because they are either conducted in person or over the phone. Sometimes, researchers combine questionnaires and interviews in the same research project by following up some questionnaire responses with more in-depth interview questions. While interviews offer these advantages, they too can have their drawbacks. Because they are based on social interaction between researcher and participant, interviews require a fair degree of trust, especially regarding sensitive subjects, and sometimes this can be difficult to achieve. Further, differences of race, class, gender, sexuality, and culture between researcher and participant can complicate the research collection process. However, social scientists are trained to anticipate these kinds of problems and to deal with them when they arise, so interviews are a common and successful survey research method. Telephone Polls A telephone poll is a questionnaire that is done over the telephone. The response categories are typically pre-defined (closed-ended) with little opportunity for respondents to elaborate their responses. Telephone polls can be very costly and time-consuming, and since the introduction of the Do Not Call Registry, telephone polls have become harder to conduct. Many times respondents are not open to taking these phone calls and hang up before responding to any questions. Telephone polls are used often during political campaigns or to get consumer opinions about a product or service. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Recruitment Process Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Recruitment Process - Article Example The public service caters for publicly provided goods and services. In this regard, the public sector human resource department needs to be competitive and responsible prior to service delivery. As an organization mandated to offer human resource services to the Australian States and Federal Government, Talent Seek manages 500 employees. These employees play different roles and purposes. About 80% of employees in Talent Seek are under the permanent basis of employment. Among the 500 employees in Talent Seek, there is one senior human resource manager who oversees all recruitment processes. Under the senior HR manger, there are 6 departmental recruitment mangers. Each recruitment manager gets assistance from 6 HR coordinators serving in the respective departmental levels. Talent Seek makes known its job vacancies by the way of advertisement. On average, Talent Seek receives about 18000 to 26000 applications within a month for advertised 300 job vacancies. Talent Seek has successfully taken the role of conducting recruitment for the public service in Australia. Jenny Deakin, Business Analysts and other Business Analysis & Improvement team members in the company have identified statistical and cost concerns that need to be analysed with regard to proper functioning and realization of the company’s objectives in a bid to put in place in place the most effective and efficient workforce for the public service. In order to do this, the company has to take into account all aspects of its recruitment procedures.

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy Essay

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy - Essay Example 12 References 13 Work Councils – Functions and Difference from Trade Unions Globalization has triggered sea changes not only in the transnational commerce but multinational companies are also deluged with issues concerning labor relations in a cross cultural and multi-economic scenario. The earlier concept of negotiating with a central trade union and implementing the issues agreed upon in workplace is no longer a sufficient guarantee of smooth labor relations. Multinational enterprises now need to negotiate at multiple levels with trade unions of several countries to achieve harmonious labor relations. This surely is a humongous task what with dealing in unionized labor of different cultural and economic contexts (Prahalad and Doz 1987). Such situations surely result in loss of managerial flexibility as conditions agreed upon in one country might not be acceptable in another country. Further, the terms and conditions of appointment and associated remunerations and perquisites also vary from country to country thus causing unwelcome variances in managing human resources. The basic problem of transnational human resource management can be categorized as (Poole 1986): The level of technological attainment and unionization of labor in a particular country The nature and extent of governmental intervention in labor management The number and political polarization of trade unions Impact, if any, of religious organizations on trade unions Strategies adopted by management These factors have resulted in the growth and proliferation of various types of trade unions which could be either generalized trade unions that represented all categories of employees, or, craft unions that represented employees having specific skill sets and are employed in different industries, or, a conglomerate of unions spread across different countries. Such diversity, quite obviously, present a rather daunting scenario for executives entrusted with the responsibility of collective barg aining with employees and also raises the prospect of multiple agreements within a single corporate entity. One option open to multinational corporations to find some semblance of order in this otherwise chaotic and indeterminate scenario is to set up work councils. These are micro level labor representatives who are elected by workers of a specific factory for a period of four years. The most vibrant forms of such work councils are observed in Germany where once nation-wide agreements with recognized trade unions are completed by representatives of a particular industry, each individual member firm of that particular industry undertake negotiations with their respective work councils on the details of how such an agreement has to be implemented in a particular work place. As members of work councils need not be members of recognized trade unions, these councils can be formed even in those industries where there is no existence of a nationally recognized trade union. This surely inv ests in such councils a large degree of flexibility and freedom from dogma or political influence associated with conventional trade unions. This also provides an opportunity for both management and workers to strike out an agreement that factors in micro specifics and thus is beneficial to both the workers and that particular firm. The other benefit of having work councils is that the levels of interaction and the channels of communication between management and wo

Art Blog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art Blog - Assignment Example Galleries open here and there, and museums feature exhibits that are not to be missed. Yet that visit to a community garden opened me to a whole new world of the art scene. Of course the Museum of Contemporary Art, the L.A. County Art Museum, and the Getty Center house several of the best pieces of art in the world. But ever since a community garden opened my eye to something new about art, I have been keener to observe those Chinatown galleries that feature up-and-coming artists that houses a more â€Å"homely† type of art. I have been more appreciative of the unpretentious airs in several of these galleries like Kathryn Brennans, Tom Solomans, and China Art Objects. What that little community garden did to my art perspective was huge. Since then, I never have to look far to see art in my surroundings. I can see it in simple places and things. In the community garden, I never thought the day would come where I would be looking at garden plots as works of art. Yes, they may no t be technically pieces of art, but works of art they are. There is no such thing as being too radical or being too conventional in art. Now I know there are no rules. Art is when it moves you even when you do not know why. Aside from being appreciative of art, I also love books. What moved me the most in the Getty Center is its collection of books within the Getty Research Institute and the vast collection of pictures of different architectures. Additionally, I also find it fascinating to stare at the illuminated manuscripts and glimmering decorative arts and furniture. I agree with Natalie that the museums programs and activities for kids and families are a joy to behold. I visited the place a few times, and I must state that for adults who do not have any kids in tow, it is worthwhile to catch the nighttime view of the place. I am all for self-expression. Sadly, the street art scene in Los Angeles is something

The Polymerase Chain Reaction Pcr

The Polymerase Chain Reaction Pcr The polymerase chain reaction was first developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. This reaction is commonly used in molecular biology to amplify and generate thousands to millions of copies of specific DNA sequences across several orders of magnitude (4-1). It relies on thermal cycling, consisting of cycles of denaturation, primer (short DNA fragment) annealing and primer extension (4-7). PCR can also be used for the analysis of RNA sequences and to qualitatively detect RNA expression levels through creation of complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts from RNA by use of reverse transcriptase. This technique is called reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) (5-2). Although PCR and RT-PCR have revolutionized many areas of biomedical science, they are not suitable for the quantitative analysis of analysis of samples. Hence, real-time or quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques need to be employed (5-8, 5-9). RT- qPCR distinguishes itself from other methods available for gene expression, such as northern-blot analysis, ribonuclease (RNase) protection assay and competitive RT-PCR, in term of accuracy, sensitivity and fast results (2,6). RT-qPCR does not required post-amplification manipulation and it can produce quantitative data with wide dynamic range of detection (7 to 8 logs). In addition, RT-qPCR assay is 10,000 to 100,000-fold more sensitive than RNase protection assays and 1000-fold more sensitive than dot blot hybridization (3). RT- qPCR also can even detect a single copy of a specific transcript and can reliably detect gene expression differences as small as 23% between samples (3-6, 3-7). Furthermore, it has lower coefficients variation (cv; TaqMan at 24%; SYBR Green at 14.2%) than end point assays such as probe hybridization and band densitometry (45.1%; 44.9% respectively) (3-8). RT- qPCR can differentiate between messenger RNAs (mRNAs) with almost identical sequences and requires much less RNA template than other methods of gene expression analysis. Because of this, RT- qPCR has established itself as the gold standard for the detection and quantification of RNA targets (1-2,2). Furthermore, it is firmly established as a mainstream research technology (1-3). However, the major disadvantage of RT-qPCR is that required expensive equipment and reagents (3). The principle of RT-qPCR is straight forward: following the reverse transcription of RNA in to cDNA, it needs an appropriate detection chemistry to dete ct the presence of PCR products, an instrument to monitor the amplification in real-time and compatible software for quantitative analysis. RT- qPCR is characterized by the point in time during cycling when a PCR product amplification is first detected (Figure 1, 1). A direct relationship between the starting copy number of the nucleic acid target and the time required to observe fluorosence increasing. Nowadays, there are four fluorescent DNA probes available for RT-qPCR detection of PCR products: TaqMan, SYBR Green, Molecular Beacons, and Scorpions. All of them generate a florescent signal to allow the detection of PCR products. While the TaqMan probes, SYBR Green, Molecular Beacons, and Scorpions generation of fluorescence depend on Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) coupling of the dye molecule and a quencher moiety to the oligonucleotide substrates, the SYBR Green dye simply emits its fluorescent signal by binding to the double-strand DNA in solution (5-34). As RT-qPCR has extremely high sensitivity and reproducibility, in depth understanding of normalization techniques is imperative for accurate conclusions (6). Normalization of gene expression data is an essential component of a reliable RT-qPCR assay and it is used to control for error between samples (7,3). This error could be introduced at one or more stages throughout the experimental protocol; (input sample, RNA extraction, etc.) however, there are many strategies to control this error ( please, read the discussion section strategies for more details). Currently, internal control genes, which are often referred to as housekeeping genes, are most frequently used to normalize the messenger RNA (mRNA) fraction. This housekeeping gene should remain constant in the tissues on cells under investigation, or in response to experimental treatment (8, 8-69, 8-70, 6,7). In addition, the ideal housekeeping genes should by stably expressed, and their abundances should show strong correlation w ith mRNA total amounts present in the samples (8). Consequently, normalization against a single housekeeping gene in not acceptable and can falsely bias results unless the researchers present clear evidence for the reviewers that confirms its invariant expressions conditions described (3,8-71,8-73). In this study we carried out an evaluation the gene expression of three commonly used housekeeping genes (GAPDH, ÃŽÂ ²-action, ALAS1) in three different cell lines which are derived from T-cell leukemia, B-cell lymphoma and myeloid leukemia, using RT-qPCR as an analytical tool. Our goal was to recognize a housekeeping gene with minimal variability under different experimental conditions. Materials and Methods: Samples, RNA handling and isolation: Cell line pellets (5-10X106 cells) which have been frozen in 0.5 ml TRIsure Reagent (Bioline code BIO-38033). Cell lines are: Jurkat, CEM-C7 and MOLT-4 (all T-cell leukemia-derived); SKW 6.4, BJAB and JeKo-1 (all B-cell lymphoma-derived); and HL-60, NB4 and K562 (all derived from myeloid leukemia). RNA was isolated from cell pellets using Trizol procedure. However, isolating and handling RNA ask for special precautions because naked RNA is highly susceptible to degradation by ribonucleases (RNases) (1). RNases are found everywhere and they are very stable and active enzymes that do not require metal ion co-factors to function and can maintain activity even after prolonged autoclaving or boiling. So that, all equipment and reagents should be treated to inactive RNases prior to use. Wearing gloves while handling reagents and RNA samples, changing gloves frequently, keeping tubes closed whenever possible and keeping isolated RNA on ice when aliquots are pipetted for downstream applications could prevent RNase contamination. We are used sterile, disposable plastic ware and they were RNase-free and do not require pretreatment to inactive RNAses (8-46,8-47). The quantity of the isolated RNA was determined by nanodrop spectrophotometry (absorbance at 260 nm of a 40ÂÂ µg/ml soluti on of RNA is 1.0) using nuclease-free water as a blank. A sample was reserved for quality assurance (see below) and the remainder was stored at -80 degree centigrade for one week. Gel electrophoresis (quality assurance of RNA) : The quality of the isolated RNA was verified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The gel was run at 100V for 30 minutes and photograph under UV transillumination. DNA digestion: A DNase digestion step was performed as a precaution using RQ1 RNase-free DNase kit although the TRIzol method generally results in RNA which is essentially free from genomic DNA (2). A sample was reserved for reverse transcription (see below) and the remainder was stored at -80 degree centigrade. Reverse transcription: 11 ÂÂ µL of DNase-treated sample was reverse transcripted, using Superscript II reverse transcriptase, to complementary (cDNA) by random hexamer priming.

Jade of Peony Essay -- Literary Analysis, Wayson Choy

We have all been in a situation where we have immigrated to a new country for different reasons regarding, better future, or education. In the book Jade of Peony, Wayson Choy describes a struggle of a Chinese family as they settle in Canada, with their new generation of kids born here, the family struggles to keep their children tied to their Chinese customs and traditions as they fit in this new country. The Chinese culture needs to be more open minded as it limits the future generation’s potential. Chinese culture limitations are seen through the relationship expectations, education, gender roles and jobs. Firstly, the relationship expectations in Chinese customs and traditions were strongly held onto. The daughters of the Chinese family were considered as a shame for the family. The sons of the family were given more honour than the daughters. In addition, some daughters were even discriminated. â€Å"If you want a place in this world ... do not be born as a girl child† (Choy 27). The girls from the Chinese family were considered useless. They were always looked down upon in a family; they felt as if the girls cannot provide a family with wealth. Chinese society is throwing away its little girls at an astounding rate. For every 100 girls registered at birth, there are 118 little boys in other words, nearly one seventh of Chinese girl babies are going missing (Baldwin 40). The parents from Chinese family had a preference for boys as they thought; boys could work and provide the family income. Due to Chinese culture preference to having boys, girls often did not have the right to live. In the Chinese ethnicity, the family always obeyed the elder’s decision. When the family was trying to adapt to the new country and they were tryin... ...king in the same field would. Therefore, the Chinese culture resists the new generations potential, due to the gender roles and jobs. In conclusion, Chinese cultures prohibition is seen, by observing the relationship expectations, education, and gender roles and jobs. The Chinese culture needs to be more cultivated as it constricts the newer generation’s capability in Canada. In Wayson Choy’s book The Jade of Peony, he describes the struggles of a immigrated Chinese family, as they try to follow two cultures to adjust in a new country like Canada, but still hang on to the old traditions of China, the kids of the family struggled as they tried to follow these two cultures. We have all been in a similar situation where we have immigrated to a new country to seek a better future where we have a better lifestyle and education, to help our family grow.

Life in Navy Boot Camp Essay

It was a warm summer evening as I packed for Navy Boot Camp. I carefully went down the list of things I could take and ensured I didn’t have anything else. A little nervous I went to talk to my parents about my move to becoming my own man. I looked at their faces and could tell that although they were proud they were a little nervous about their only son leaving home for the first time. My mom tried to smile but she was proud yet nervous because I had always been her little guy so she was having a hard time letting go. After a short conversation with my parents I decided to try and rest for the long journey ahead. Its now 5 o’clock in the morning and I’m up to shower and get ready for the trip, I didn’t sleep very much because I was so nervous. I showed and got ready for the trip to the Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) for my final swearing in. My first trip included my initial processing and medical screening and now it was time to put all that into action. As my parent drove me to the station the car was very quiet. As we pulled up my parents got out and hugged me and wish me well. I walked in and looked back at them and it was like the cord was being cut between us, now it was time for me to make them proud and show them what I’d learned from them. The officer swore us in and we all boarded the bus starring out the window like lost kids. Hours later we arrived at Boot Camp in Great Lakes, Michigan. As we pulled up Company Commanders ran out yelling and screaming at us to put all our stuff in one hand and line up on the footprints. My heart was beating super fast and I was like what have I done. We marched into this room where they asked us to take out all our stuff, they went through it and told us what we could keep and what had to be sent home. After feeding us, they took everyone to the barber shop and shaved all our heads. They then issued us our initial uniforms and began indoctrination. After marching back to our dorms, we were told how the bed should be made, stenciled all our gear, showered and went to bed. The first night I can honestly say I missed my folks and at one point wanted to cry but I pushed on. I knew I had to do this for me and them, I had to show myself first and them second that I had what it took to make it. Day two and forward we woke up at 4 am with yelling and screaming that we had 15 minutes to shower, shave and get in line for physical training and breakfast. Everything was 15 to 20 minutes including eating; you learn to eat real quickly. Training was tough but as the weeks went on it got easier. Then around week 4 we had to swim, I was never a strong swimmer so I was nervous but I made it through. Around week five it seemed they got a little easier and then explained that the toughness was to help us rely on each other and build the necessary teamwork within us all. As time went on we had learned the entire Chain of Command, proper Navy rules and how to properly wear all the uniforms and the seasonal changes for whites and blues. As the 8th week came we got ready for graduation. Everyone was ready to show their parents how much they had grown up in the last two months. Part of growing up was proper grooming, making our beds and being responsible and accountable for each other. Some of the guys in my company sat around the night before talking about some of the hard times in boot camp. I talked about the hard part for me was the fire fighting training and taking off that gas mask, my eyes burned so bad and I coughed like I was going to die. We laughed so hard about that and having to jump off that diving board that seems like it was 100 stories tall. So now its graduation day and I’m so excited to see my parents and so they can see how I’ve turned from their little boy to this young man. We march out on the field and the guide yells â€Å"eyes right† and I look over and see my parents. My mom was crying as usual and my dad had the biggest smile on his face, it was a time I will always remember. Their little guy was finally a man.

Field Work essays

Field Work essays Many people go to the bar to relax after a long day of work. They sometimes meet up with friends or coworkers and discuss their day. People in public are very interesting in their interaction with others because nonverbal communication can be observed in virtually any situation. Bars are especially interesting because there are different personality labels. For example, there are the regulars who are there everyday at the same time, the couples who come before dinner to have their cocktails, and the drunks. The drunks are there no matter what time of day and stay for hours. The more interesting part in the observation is how the bartender is able to deal with all these different personality types. A bartender must be able to communicate with all of these personality types in order to do his job well. A good bartender must demonstrate and often alter his communication styles on a daily basis. The hypothesis is when visiting a sports bar, a male bartender, in general, will interact with his customers more effective than a female bartender. This is because males tend to know more about sports history than females do and male bartenders seem to relate to bar stories better than female bartenders. In sports bars, there is always some type of sporting event on the television. If a male bartender can have a conversation about the event on the television, he can then build a relationship with that customer and in turn keep the customer at his bar longer. This observation was conducted at Putters Bar and Grill at Pheasant Run Golf Course strictly to observe the bartender. The first visit was around three oclock in the afternoon on Friday. There were only four people at the bar. They were older men in their late 50s or early 60s. They had just come in from a round of golf. They were all drinking whiskey on the rocks and adding up their scorecards. The bartender, who is male poured their drinks and ...

An Investigation into the effect of Temperature on the release of Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essays

An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essays An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay The aim of this investigation is to see what if any affect temperature has on the release of Betalain from beetroot tissue. To carry out this investigation I am going to need the following equipment and materials. Apparatus Electric water bath This will be needed to keep the water temperature consistent throughout the experiment at the various required temperatures. Thermometer This will be used to check that the water bath is heating accurately at the required temperatures throughout the investigation. Colorimeter This is what will measure the affect that the heat has on the membrane by measuring how much light passes through the solution. These are the apparatus that will be used to heat and record the data but in order to use these other apparatus must be used too; Test tubes Syringe (to accurately measure the fluid amounts) Cork borer (to shape the beetroot equally) Curettes Measuring cylinder Scalpel Materials Beetroot Distilled Water Method Cut out three pieces of beetroot about 2cms long using a cork borer. Place the cylinders of beetroot on a tile or board and using the scapulae cut into discs 5mm thick. Label 3 test tubes, A B C for each of the temperatures to be tested. The temperatures required are 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c Put 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water in each test tube Place the three test tubes for the required temperature in the water bath and heat to the required temp if needed Check the required temp has been reached using the thermometer to measure both the water bath and the test tubes temps Place the three pieces of beetroot in the three test tubes and leave for two minuets After the time is over remove the test tubes from the water bath and using the syringe which should be clean, extract 5cl from each solution to fill up a curette for each which should also be labelled, check no pieces of beetroot are in the curette Set the Colorimeter to 0 % transmission with water Make quantitative measurements using the colorimeter and record for each Repeat method for each of the temperatures Variables INPUT Temperatures, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 80 CONTROL Beetroot size/shape, beetroot type (use same beetroot), pH amount of the water, temperature consistency, time in waterbath OUTPUT Rate of diffusion measured using colorimeter to measure concentration of dye (Betalain) in solution Explanation My input variable will be the temperature. This will be held at constant temperatures by the water bath and the temperatures changed consistently. The water temperature needs to be held consistently while the diffusing is taking place so that the rate isnt affected and it is a fair test. My control variables will be controlled in the following ways. The size/shape of the beetroot will be controlled by the cork borer and by measuring its length. This has to be done and it is important that it is done accurately because the volume to surface area needs to be the same. This is needed so the rate of diffusion is the same for each piece of beetroot before the temperature is changed. Beetroot type will be the same because I intend to use the same Beetroot unless I run out! The Beetroot will be left covered while not being used and the only pieces to be cut from it will be the ones for the temperature, which will be measured next. This will prevent any of the beetroot drying up as if the membranes dry up they will release less Betalain. It will also prevent any individual differences between the beetroots affecting the results. Distilled water will be used so as to keep the pH of the water the same. The pH needs to be consistent because it will affect the rate of diffusion, for instance a high acidic pH would denature the proteins in the membranes and completely compromise the results. The temperatures will be kept constant by the water bath as explained in the input. Output Data will be recorded by the rate of diffusion. This will be the rate at which the Betalain will have diffused from the beetroot to the solution over the given amount of time. This will be measured by the transmission of the water as read by the colorimeter. This will give an accurate reading of how great the concentration of the dye in the water will be. This can be used to work out the rate of diffusion by dividing the transmission % of the solution by the time given for the diffusion to take place. % / Time = Rate of Diffusion This is assuming the pigment release is constant Equipment Details Colorimeter, device used to compare or measure colours and their intensities. A simple colorimeter uses an optical system to place an unknown colour, such as of a chemical sample, next to a well-established colour. In more advanced devices this comparison field can be adjusted in various quantifiable ways. In some, photoelectric cells may be used to measure the transmitted light. Colorimeters are used in chemical research and in various industries, such as the manufacture of dye and paint. The Colorimeter is the best way to measure the diffusion rate with the equipment, which we have available to us. There are not many other alternatives and using eye site to measure colour would be very in accurate. The Colorimeter is very accurate providing it is set first for water having 100% transmission. It is a reliable piece of equipment, which is well suited to this investigation. Electric Water Bath, heats water to a required temperature and then maintains this temperature for as long as required. This is the best piece of equipment to use to get reliable, constant temperatures throughout the investigation. It can heat to exactly the required temperature and hold it whist the beetroot is placed in the test tubes. This would not be possible with a Bunsen Burner. The Thermometer will be used to check the reliability of the water bath. The syringe will be used to get an accurate amount of distilled water in the test tubes and then will be used to distract the solution afterwards without beetroot and placing it in a curette. The cork borer will be used to shape the beetroot consistently as explained in the method and variables. The scapulae will be used to cut the shaped beetroot into the right size and the curettes are what the colorimeter uses to read the transmission of the solution. Method Details I am going to use the following temperature ranges to collect my data; 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 ; 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. I have decided to use these to give me a valid and reliable set of results to analyse and draw graphs and conclusions from. I intend to start at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C because this is the normal temperature of Beetroot and will give me a good basis to work from. Not only will this give me readings for the investigation at normal temperatures but with the equipment available to me it is the lowest temperature I am willing to go to. Going lower would mean having to use ice, which I dont intend to use as it would be very hard to keep constant and may impeded the results. I that two minuets should be sufficient for the diffusion to take place as Beetroot releases a large amount of betalain under normal conditions when cut. I feel that once in heated water or even in water at room temperature within two minuets enough betalain should have diffused for relevant data to be collected. I am also worried that if the Beetroot is left to long the rate of diffusion will slow and that the time taken to reach this point will decrease as the temperature increases. This would not help as my formula for working out the rate of diffusion, (transmission / time) is dependent on the pigment release being constant. I feel that allowing only two minuets for the diffusion will avoid this happening. The data collected will be taken from the solutions after the two minuets is up. The syringe, which should be clean so as not to affect the solution, will be used to extract 5cl from the solution. This will then be put into a curette, and its transmission measured by the colorimeter. No bits of Beetroot should be in the solution as this could show up on the readings. The transmissions will be recorded in a results table. These will be recorded as percentages as that is how the colorimeter reads them. They then need to be recorded as their rate of diffusion using the formulae. Each of the three rates for each temperature need then to be added up and given as an average. This is done to avoid anomalous results. if there are any outstanding anomalies then they should be removed before the averages are worked out. After the averages have been recorded graphs can be drawn up and then analysed for correlation or anomalous results. Scientific theories can then be used to explain the results and then conclude the investigation. Changes in Method There were some problems whilst collecting the results which may have an affect on the findings from them. Firstly was with the temperatures of the water baths which we heated the beetroot in; these were less reliable than I had hopped as far as keeping the water at a consistent temperature. They could not hold the water at exactly 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ or 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C etc so temperatures were recorded from around the right temperature, and that temperature recorded with them. I would also have liked the water baths to be as consistent as possible but Im not sure they were as once they reached the required temperature they turned off. This may mean that the temperatures varied slightly over the five minuet period the beetroot was left to diffuse, however I still feel that the temperatures recorded are varied enough and close enough to the original aims to still be used to analyse and solve the problem. The Colorimeters readings may also have an affect on the results. This is because they did not always read consistently. This could be because of smudges on either on the curettes or on the lens or perhaps due to the particles moving around in the solution. I feel, however that the data collected has been accurate enough and varied enough to analyse and solve the problem fairly. I also found that two minuets did not prove a sufficient amount of time for the diffusion to take place, and so I extended the time to 10 minuets. This is because I found that I had underestimated the rate of diffusion from the beetroot and that after just 2 minuets not very much dye had diffused at all and comparisons would be small. By leaving the Beetroot longer it allowed more Betalain to diffuse and a wider range of results to work with. Analysis of original Results The original set of results look quite promising. I have used the colorimeter to obtain data for; absorption, transmission and the rate of reaction. The absorption and transmission are readings given by the colorimeter and can be used to work out each other. The formula to use to work out the transmission from the absorption is to take the absorption from 100 to get a percentage for the transmission of the colorimeter reading. And this is the formula I have used in my results table (100-a) which was created using Microsoft Excel. The next figure in the table is the Rate of Diffusion per Minuet, which is the figure I intend to use to analyse my findings with. This is worked out by dividing the absorption by 5, (a/5) the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for (this is presuming the diffusion rate was consistent). This then relates directly back to the problem which asked how temperature affected the rate of diffusion of betalain from beetroot to water over a given amount of time. I have recorded all three of these in the table for each of the temperatures implemented and for all five repetitions I have then added them and divided by five to give an average. I have also included the size of the beetroot in mm (length multiplied by diameter), the weight of the beetroot in grams, the volume of water from the test tube and the time in minuets. These are all control variables but I have included them in the table so all relevant stats are visible and they can be shown as consistent. There are however some anomalous looking results, I have highlighted these results red but have not removed them yet. I will draw up a graph first and analyse the results further before deciding if these results are having to much of an effect on the averages to be included in the findings. Analysis The graph has used the rate of diffusion per minuet results from the results table. The calculation for this is the absorption rate divided by five; the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for. This gives you the amount a figure for the amount of diffusion taking place every minuet presuming the diffusion is consistent. The graph shows a clear positive correlation for greater heat, greater release of Betalain. This would be because the hotter the Betalain gets the more energy its molecules will get and the more motion they will make and the more will diffuse through the membrane of the beetroot and into the water. However there is a large range in the error bars on most of the results and some overlap. I feel this could be because of the results I highlighted in the table I am therefore going to redo the table without these anomalies and see if I can improve the quality of the graph and findings. Edited Results Temp (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Figure Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Repeat 4 Repeat 5 Average 25 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3.2 2.2 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.12 35 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 4.4 4 4.6 4.4 4.32 45 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.6 5.2 5 6.4 6 5.44 55 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10.8 13 11.2 10 12.4 11.48 65 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 14 14.2 14.6 15.4 15 14.64 I have removed the anomalies and used the average of the other four readings for that temperature to fit the Excel formula. This has given me more consistent results and should help to get a better correlation on the graph for my final readings. I have also removed the Absorption and Transmission readings from the table to make it more condensed and easier to read and evaluate. I decided that in this table only the essential figures should be kept in, the ones that I will be using to create my final graph with. Therefore I have gotten rid of the size, weight, water volume and time as these are all consistent and do not need to be present on the graph. Analysis Removing the main anomalies from the results has made the graph look more accurate and more relevant. There are smaller error bars and the results are in a better correlation. The only Results not closely corallined are those for 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but because these results were so varied that picking out anomalies would not work here. The line on the graph is more of a steeper gradient and would form an S shape if I were to draw a line of best fit on it. Conclusion and Background Information I can now conclude that the relationship between heat and diffusion on a beetroots membrane is that the greater the heat, the greater the rate of diffusion. This is as I expected and of no great surprise. The main reason for this would be because the greater the heat, the greater the energy the Betalain molecules would have and the more motion they would have. This would lead to more diffusing in a shorter amount of time. The cell membranes main function is to serve as a boundary between the cell and its environment. It is just like other organelles in the cell in that it serves the cell by having its own specialised jobs. In terms of beetroot the Betalain is contained within the cell membrane, if this membrane is broken or disrupted the pigment will be released. Temperature may be the cause of the disruption. High temperatures could distort the active site of the carrier, channel of gated proteins, therefore affecting the shape of the fluid mosaic model membrane which may release the betalian or other molecules held inside the beetroot. Temperature can also affect the rate at which the diffusion takes place by giving the particles more energy. I feel that this is more likely to be what caused the higher rate of diffusion rather than the disruption which was caused by cutting the beetroot up. This has been shown on the graph and in the results and I can now conclude that the higher the temperature of the water and Beetroot the higher the rate of diffusion will be over the semi permeable membrane. Evaluation The Problem has been solved and even though there were anomalies and some of the equipment was perhaps not as accurate as would have been preferred the experiment has been a success and there can be no doubt of the effect on heat on the rate of diffusion of Betalain between the membrane of a beetroot and water. There were limitations with the amount of equipment we could use and on methods we used as we only had the schools supply of equipment and only two lessons in which to collect data. The first of which and perhaps the most important of which was the water bathes. Water Bathes These were supposed to keep a level and consistent temperature throughout the duration of the experiment. This however they did not do, they did not reach the required temperatures very well and there gages often read differently to the thermometers used to back them up. Also once the required temperature or at least what the water bathes considered as the required temperature was reached, the water bathes shut themselves off. There would then be no heat or buffer to keep the temperature constant. Whilst this is a much more effective and accurate way of reaching the temperatures and conducting the experiment than using Bunsen burners or any of the other equipment the school could have provided, it was a bit disappointing that it couldnt hold its temperature. The poor precision of the water bathes could have had an effect on the data recorded. The experiments were supposed to be conducted at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but the real temperatures were from around these temperatures. This could have led to variation in the in the in the data collected as some of the error bars were quite large, for instance the changing temperatures could mean that once you returned to repeat the experiment the water bath would be at a different temperature to when you first recorded the results. Another factor affecting the difference in results could the position in the water bathe, if two different thermometers (the water bathes thermostat and the separate thermometer) are reading different temperatures then maybe the temperature isnt consistent throughout the water bathe at the same time. If one test tube was placed directly above the heater and another away from it they would have different temperatures leading to a deviance in the results. This lack of reliability may have had an effect on the conclusions as well as the results. On the first graph the error bars were clearly to large and needed editing to remove the anomalies and redo a more consistent line. The figures used for the graphs were suppose to be for the rate of reaction and to work this out the diffusion should have been constant, but if the temperatures werent constant then its probable that the diffusion wasnt either. This could not be helped though and differences although there were some anomalies were fairly consistent and showed enough reliability to be analysed, concluded and explained using Biological Knowledge.