Effects of Improper Functions of Brain Essays - Brain, Cerebrum

Effects of Improper Functions of Brain: Accidents and head injury are very common nowadays. Head injury may severely impair the different parts of the brain and the effects of the damage vary with the region of the brain affected and also the intensity of the impact on the brain. Damage and the consequent improper function of the FRONTAL LOBE of the brain generally affects the problem solving ability of the individual. Improper functioning of the back part of the Frontal Lobe results in paralysis. Damage on the left side impairs movement of organs on the right side and vice versa. Middle part of the Frontal Lobe: Lowers motivation and slows down decision taking. Front part of the Frontal Lobe: Reduced fluency of speech (staggering), and delayed response to questions. Damage of the front part of the Parietal Lobe: Numbness and tactile sensation (touch response). Damage of the middle part of the Parietal Lobe: Calculations and writing. Left Temporal Lobe: Affects Language and comprehension. Right Temporal Lobe: Ability to sing affected. Impaired Occipital Lobe: Improper interpretation of objects, Seizure and hallucinations. Source: https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/brain-dysfunction/brain-dysfunction-by-location Improper functioning of Hypothalamus affects the hormones secreted by the pituitary and causes blood pressure changes, dehydration, diabetes, etc., Source: https://www.epainassist.com/brain/hypothalamus-disorders Besides head injury, illness of the body and hereditary factors also cause improper functioning of the brain. Brain tumors cause improper functioning of the brain and they produce following effects: Vomiting Headache Seizure such as Epilepsy Hearing vision disabilities Difficulty with movements especially balancing the body Genetic disorders of the brain: Huntington's disease is caused by a gene mutation resulting in the death of brain cells. Individuals affected by this disease have improper walking, and show emotional imbalances. Parkinson's disease is partly caused by hereditary factors involving many genes and partly by environmental conditions; Patients are unable to maintain erect posture, and walk improperly. Source: https://www.healthline.com/health/brain-disorders#types https://www.northshore.org/personalized-medicine/medical-genetics/hereditary-conditions/neurological-conditions/

Types of Surveys for Sociology Research

Types of Surveys for Sociology Research Surveys are valuable research tools within sociology and are commonly used by social scientists for a wide variety of research projects. They are especially useful because they enable researchers to collect data on a mass scale, and to use that data to conduct statistical analyses that reveal conclusive results about how the variety of variables measured interact. The three most common forms of survey research are the questionnaire, interview, and telephone poll   Questionnaires Questionnaires, or printed or digital surveys, are useful because they can be distributed to many people, which means they allow for a large and randomized sample - the hallmark of valid and trustworthy empirical research. Prior to the twenty-first century, it was common for questionnaires to be distributed through the mail. While some organizations and researchers still do this, today, most opt for digital web-based questionnaires. Doing so requires fewer resources and time, and streamlines the data collection and analysis processes. However they are conducted, a commonality among questionnaires is that they feature a set list of questions for participants to respond to by selecting from a set of provided answers. These are closed-ended questions paired with fixed categories of response. While such questionnaires are useful because they allow for a large sample of participants to be reached at low cost and with minimal effort, and they yield clean data ready for analysis, there are also drawbacks to this survey method. In some cases, a respondent may not believe that any of the offered responses accurately represents their views or experiences, which may lead them to not answer or to select an answer that is inaccurate. Also, questionnaires can typically only be used with people who have a registered mailing address, or an email account and access to the internet, so this means that segments of the population without these cannot be studied with this method. Interviews While interviews and questionnaires share the same approach by asking respondents a set of structured questions, they differ in that interviews allow researchers to ask open-ended questions that create more in-depth and nuanced data sets than those afforded by questionnaires. Another key difference between the two is that interviews involve social interaction between the researcher and the participants because they are either conducted in person or over the phone. Sometimes, researchers combine questionnaires and interviews in the same research project by following up some questionnaire responses with more in-depth interview questions. While interviews offer these advantages, they too can have their drawbacks. Because they are based on social interaction between researcher and participant, interviews require a fair degree of trust, especially regarding sensitive subjects, and sometimes this can be difficult to achieve. Further, differences of race, class, gender, sexuality, and culture between researcher and participant can complicate the research collection process. However, social scientists are trained to anticipate these kinds of problems and to deal with them when they arise, so interviews are a common and successful survey research method. Telephone Polls A telephone poll is a questionnaire that is done over the telephone. The response categories are typically pre-defined (closed-ended) with little opportunity for respondents to elaborate their responses. Telephone polls can be very costly and time-consuming, and since the introduction of the Do Not Call Registry, telephone polls have become harder to conduct. Many times respondents are not open to taking these phone calls and hang up before responding to any questions. Telephone polls are used often during political campaigns or to get consumer opinions about a product or service. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Recruitment Process Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Recruitment Process - Article Example The public service caters for publicly provided goods and services. In this regard, the public sector human resource department needs to be competitive and responsible prior to service delivery. As an organization mandated to offer human resource services to the Australian States and Federal Government, Talent Seek manages 500 employees. These employees play different roles and purposes. About 80% of employees in Talent Seek are under the permanent basis of employment. Among the 500 employees in Talent Seek, there is one senior human resource manager who oversees all recruitment processes. Under the senior HR manger, there are 6 departmental recruitment mangers. Each recruitment manager gets assistance from 6 HR coordinators serving in the respective departmental levels. Talent Seek makes known its job vacancies by the way of advertisement. On average, Talent Seek receives about 18000 to 26000 applications within a month for advertised 300 job vacancies. Talent Seek has successfully taken the role of conducting recruitment for the public service in Australia. Jenny Deakin, Business Analysts and other Business Analysis & Improvement team members in the company have identified statistical and cost concerns that need to be analysed with regard to proper functioning and realization of the company’s objectives in a bid to put in place in place the most effective and efficient workforce for the public service. In order to do this, the company has to take into account all aspects of its recruitment procedures.

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy Essay

International Context of HRM Practice and Consultancy - Essay Example 12 References 13 Work Councils – Functions and Difference from Trade Unions Globalization has triggered sea changes not only in the transnational commerce but multinational companies are also deluged with issues concerning labor relations in a cross cultural and multi-economic scenario. The earlier concept of negotiating with a central trade union and implementing the issues agreed upon in workplace is no longer a sufficient guarantee of smooth labor relations. Multinational enterprises now need to negotiate at multiple levels with trade unions of several countries to achieve harmonious labor relations. This surely is a humongous task what with dealing in unionized labor of different cultural and economic contexts (Prahalad and Doz 1987). Such situations surely result in loss of managerial flexibility as conditions agreed upon in one country might not be acceptable in another country. Further, the terms and conditions of appointment and associated remunerations and perquisites also vary from country to country thus causing unwelcome variances in managing human resources. The basic problem of transnational human resource management can be categorized as (Poole 1986): The level of technological attainment and unionization of labor in a particular country The nature and extent of governmental intervention in labor management The number and political polarization of trade unions Impact, if any, of religious organizations on trade unions Strategies adopted by management These factors have resulted in the growth and proliferation of various types of trade unions which could be either generalized trade unions that represented all categories of employees, or, craft unions that represented employees having specific skill sets and are employed in different industries, or, a conglomerate of unions spread across different countries. Such diversity, quite obviously, present a rather daunting scenario for executives entrusted with the responsibility of collective barg aining with employees and also raises the prospect of multiple agreements within a single corporate entity. One option open to multinational corporations to find some semblance of order in this otherwise chaotic and indeterminate scenario is to set up work councils. These are micro level labor representatives who are elected by workers of a specific factory for a period of four years. The most vibrant forms of such work councils are observed in Germany where once nation-wide agreements with recognized trade unions are completed by representatives of a particular industry, each individual member firm of that particular industry undertake negotiations with their respective work councils on the details of how such an agreement has to be implemented in a particular work place. As members of work councils need not be members of recognized trade unions, these councils can be formed even in those industries where there is no existence of a nationally recognized trade union. This surely inv ests in such councils a large degree of flexibility and freedom from dogma or political influence associated with conventional trade unions. This also provides an opportunity for both management and workers to strike out an agreement that factors in micro specifics and thus is beneficial to both the workers and that particular firm. The other benefit of having work councils is that the levels of interaction and the channels of communication between management and wo

Art Blog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art Blog - Assignment Example Galleries open here and there, and museums feature exhibits that are not to be missed. Yet that visit to a community garden opened me to a whole new world of the art scene. Of course the Museum of Contemporary Art, the L.A. County Art Museum, and the Getty Center house several of the best pieces of art in the world. But ever since a community garden opened my eye to something new about art, I have been keener to observe those Chinatown galleries that feature up-and-coming artists that houses a more â€Å"homely† type of art. I have been more appreciative of the unpretentious airs in several of these galleries like Kathryn Brennans, Tom Solomans, and China Art Objects. What that little community garden did to my art perspective was huge. Since then, I never have to look far to see art in my surroundings. I can see it in simple places and things. In the community garden, I never thought the day would come where I would be looking at garden plots as works of art. Yes, they may no t be technically pieces of art, but works of art they are. There is no such thing as being too radical or being too conventional in art. Now I know there are no rules. Art is when it moves you even when you do not know why. Aside from being appreciative of art, I also love books. What moved me the most in the Getty Center is its collection of books within the Getty Research Institute and the vast collection of pictures of different architectures. Additionally, I also find it fascinating to stare at the illuminated manuscripts and glimmering decorative arts and furniture. I agree with Natalie that the museums programs and activities for kids and families are a joy to behold. I visited the place a few times, and I must state that for adults who do not have any kids in tow, it is worthwhile to catch the nighttime view of the place. I am all for self-expression. Sadly, the street art scene in Los Angeles is something

The Polymerase Chain Reaction Pcr

The Polymerase Chain Reaction Pcr The polymerase chain reaction was first developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. This reaction is commonly used in molecular biology to amplify and generate thousands to millions of copies of specific DNA sequences across several orders of magnitude (4-1). It relies on thermal cycling, consisting of cycles of denaturation, primer (short DNA fragment) annealing and primer extension (4-7). PCR can also be used for the analysis of RNA sequences and to qualitatively detect RNA expression levels through creation of complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts from RNA by use of reverse transcriptase. This technique is called reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) (5-2). Although PCR and RT-PCR have revolutionized many areas of biomedical science, they are not suitable for the quantitative analysis of analysis of samples. Hence, real-time or quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques need to be employed (5-8, 5-9). RT- qPCR distinguishes itself from other methods available for gene expression, such as northern-blot analysis, ribonuclease (RNase) protection assay and competitive RT-PCR, in term of accuracy, sensitivity and fast results (2,6). RT-qPCR does not required post-amplification manipulation and it can produce quantitative data with wide dynamic range of detection (7 to 8 logs). In addition, RT-qPCR assay is 10,000 to 100,000-fold more sensitive than RNase protection assays and 1000-fold more sensitive than dot blot hybridization (3). RT- qPCR also can even detect a single copy of a specific transcript and can reliably detect gene expression differences as small as 23% between samples (3-6, 3-7). Furthermore, it has lower coefficients variation (cv; TaqMan at 24%; SYBR Green at 14.2%) than end point assays such as probe hybridization and band densitometry (45.1%; 44.9% respectively) (3-8). RT- qPCR can differentiate between messenger RNAs (mRNAs) with almost identical sequences and requires much less RNA template than other methods of gene expression analysis. Because of this, RT- qPCR has established itself as the gold standard for the detection and quantification of RNA targets (1-2,2). Furthermore, it is firmly established as a mainstream research technology (1-3). However, the major disadvantage of RT-qPCR is that required expensive equipment and reagents (3). The principle of RT-qPCR is straight forward: following the reverse transcription of RNA in to cDNA, it needs an appropriate detection chemistry to dete ct the presence of PCR products, an instrument to monitor the amplification in real-time and compatible software for quantitative analysis. RT- qPCR is characterized by the point in time during cycling when a PCR product amplification is first detected (Figure 1, 1). A direct relationship between the starting copy number of the nucleic acid target and the time required to observe fluorosence increasing. Nowadays, there are four fluorescent DNA probes available for RT-qPCR detection of PCR products: TaqMan, SYBR Green, Molecular Beacons, and Scorpions. All of them generate a florescent signal to allow the detection of PCR products. While the TaqMan probes, SYBR Green, Molecular Beacons, and Scorpions generation of fluorescence depend on Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) coupling of the dye molecule and a quencher moiety to the oligonucleotide substrates, the SYBR Green dye simply emits its fluorescent signal by binding to the double-strand DNA in solution (5-34). As RT-qPCR has extremely high sensitivity and reproducibility, in depth understanding of normalization techniques is imperative for accurate conclusions (6). Normalization of gene expression data is an essential component of a reliable RT-qPCR assay and it is used to control for error between samples (7,3). This error could be introduced at one or more stages throughout the experimental protocol; (input sample, RNA extraction, etc.) however, there are many strategies to control this error ( please, read the discussion section strategies for more details). Currently, internal control genes, which are often referred to as housekeeping genes, are most frequently used to normalize the messenger RNA (mRNA) fraction. This housekeeping gene should remain constant in the tissues on cells under investigation, or in response to experimental treatment (8, 8-69, 8-70, 6,7). In addition, the ideal housekeeping genes should by stably expressed, and their abundances should show strong correlation w ith mRNA total amounts present in the samples (8). Consequently, normalization against a single housekeeping gene in not acceptable and can falsely bias results unless the researchers present clear evidence for the reviewers that confirms its invariant expressions conditions described (3,8-71,8-73). In this study we carried out an evaluation the gene expression of three commonly used housekeeping genes (GAPDH, ÃŽÂ ²-action, ALAS1) in three different cell lines which are derived from T-cell leukemia, B-cell lymphoma and myeloid leukemia, using RT-qPCR as an analytical tool. Our goal was to recognize a housekeeping gene with minimal variability under different experimental conditions. Materials and Methods: Samples, RNA handling and isolation: Cell line pellets (5-10X106 cells) which have been frozen in 0.5 ml TRIsure Reagent (Bioline code BIO-38033). Cell lines are: Jurkat, CEM-C7 and MOLT-4 (all T-cell leukemia-derived); SKW 6.4, BJAB and JeKo-1 (all B-cell lymphoma-derived); and HL-60, NB4 and K562 (all derived from myeloid leukemia). RNA was isolated from cell pellets using Trizol procedure. However, isolating and handling RNA ask for special precautions because naked RNA is highly susceptible to degradation by ribonucleases (RNases) (1). RNases are found everywhere and they are very stable and active enzymes that do not require metal ion co-factors to function and can maintain activity even after prolonged autoclaving or boiling. So that, all equipment and reagents should be treated to inactive RNases prior to use. Wearing gloves while handling reagents and RNA samples, changing gloves frequently, keeping tubes closed whenever possible and keeping isolated RNA on ice when aliquots are pipetted for downstream applications could prevent RNase contamination. We are used sterile, disposable plastic ware and they were RNase-free and do not require pretreatment to inactive RNAses (8-46,8-47). The quantity of the isolated RNA was determined by nanodrop spectrophotometry (absorbance at 260 nm of a 40ÂÂ µg/ml soluti on of RNA is 1.0) using nuclease-free water as a blank. A sample was reserved for quality assurance (see below) and the remainder was stored at -80 degree centigrade for one week. Gel electrophoresis (quality assurance of RNA) : The quality of the isolated RNA was verified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The gel was run at 100V for 30 minutes and photograph under UV transillumination. DNA digestion: A DNase digestion step was performed as a precaution using RQ1 RNase-free DNase kit although the TRIzol method generally results in RNA which is essentially free from genomic DNA (2). A sample was reserved for reverse transcription (see below) and the remainder was stored at -80 degree centigrade. Reverse transcription: 11 ÂÂ µL of DNase-treated sample was reverse transcripted, using Superscript II reverse transcriptase, to complementary (cDNA) by random hexamer priming.

Jade of Peony Essay -- Literary Analysis, Wayson Choy

We have all been in a situation where we have immigrated to a new country for different reasons regarding, better future, or education. In the book Jade of Peony, Wayson Choy describes a struggle of a Chinese family as they settle in Canada, with their new generation of kids born here, the family struggles to keep their children tied to their Chinese customs and traditions as they fit in this new country. The Chinese culture needs to be more open minded as it limits the future generation’s potential. Chinese culture limitations are seen through the relationship expectations, education, gender roles and jobs. Firstly, the relationship expectations in Chinese customs and traditions were strongly held onto. The daughters of the Chinese family were considered as a shame for the family. The sons of the family were given more honour than the daughters. In addition, some daughters were even discriminated. â€Å"If you want a place in this world ... do not be born as a girl child† (Choy 27). The girls from the Chinese family were considered useless. They were always looked down upon in a family; they felt as if the girls cannot provide a family with wealth. Chinese society is throwing away its little girls at an astounding rate. For every 100 girls registered at birth, there are 118 little boys in other words, nearly one seventh of Chinese girl babies are going missing (Baldwin 40). The parents from Chinese family had a preference for boys as they thought; boys could work and provide the family income. Due to Chinese culture preference to having boys, girls often did not have the right to live. In the Chinese ethnicity, the family always obeyed the elder’s decision. When the family was trying to adapt to the new country and they were tryin... ...king in the same field would. Therefore, the Chinese culture resists the new generations potential, due to the gender roles and jobs. In conclusion, Chinese cultures prohibition is seen, by observing the relationship expectations, education, and gender roles and jobs. The Chinese culture needs to be more cultivated as it constricts the newer generation’s capability in Canada. In Wayson Choy’s book The Jade of Peony, he describes the struggles of a immigrated Chinese family, as they try to follow two cultures to adjust in a new country like Canada, but still hang on to the old traditions of China, the kids of the family struggled as they tried to follow these two cultures. We have all been in a similar situation where we have immigrated to a new country to seek a better future where we have a better lifestyle and education, to help our family grow.

Life in Navy Boot Camp Essay

It was a warm summer evening as I packed for Navy Boot Camp. I carefully went down the list of things I could take and ensured I didn’t have anything else. A little nervous I went to talk to my parents about my move to becoming my own man. I looked at their faces and could tell that although they were proud they were a little nervous about their only son leaving home for the first time. My mom tried to smile but she was proud yet nervous because I had always been her little guy so she was having a hard time letting go. After a short conversation with my parents I decided to try and rest for the long journey ahead. Its now 5 o’clock in the morning and I’m up to shower and get ready for the trip, I didn’t sleep very much because I was so nervous. I showed and got ready for the trip to the Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) for my final swearing in. My first trip included my initial processing and medical screening and now it was time to put all that into action. As my parent drove me to the station the car was very quiet. As we pulled up my parents got out and hugged me and wish me well. I walked in and looked back at them and it was like the cord was being cut between us, now it was time for me to make them proud and show them what I’d learned from them. The officer swore us in and we all boarded the bus starring out the window like lost kids. Hours later we arrived at Boot Camp in Great Lakes, Michigan. As we pulled up Company Commanders ran out yelling and screaming at us to put all our stuff in one hand and line up on the footprints. My heart was beating super fast and I was like what have I done. We marched into this room where they asked us to take out all our stuff, they went through it and told us what we could keep and what had to be sent home. After feeding us, they took everyone to the barber shop and shaved all our heads. They then issued us our initial uniforms and began indoctrination. After marching back to our dorms, we were told how the bed should be made, stenciled all our gear, showered and went to bed. The first night I can honestly say I missed my folks and at one point wanted to cry but I pushed on. I knew I had to do this for me and them, I had to show myself first and them second that I had what it took to make it. Day two and forward we woke up at 4 am with yelling and screaming that we had 15 minutes to shower, shave and get in line for physical training and breakfast. Everything was 15 to 20 minutes including eating; you learn to eat real quickly. Training was tough but as the weeks went on it got easier. Then around week 4 we had to swim, I was never a strong swimmer so I was nervous but I made it through. Around week five it seemed they got a little easier and then explained that the toughness was to help us rely on each other and build the necessary teamwork within us all. As time went on we had learned the entire Chain of Command, proper Navy rules and how to properly wear all the uniforms and the seasonal changes for whites and blues. As the 8th week came we got ready for graduation. Everyone was ready to show their parents how much they had grown up in the last two months. Part of growing up was proper grooming, making our beds and being responsible and accountable for each other. Some of the guys in my company sat around the night before talking about some of the hard times in boot camp. I talked about the hard part for me was the fire fighting training and taking off that gas mask, my eyes burned so bad and I coughed like I was going to die. We laughed so hard about that and having to jump off that diving board that seems like it was 100 stories tall. So now its graduation day and I’m so excited to see my parents and so they can see how I’ve turned from their little boy to this young man. We march out on the field and the guide yells â€Å"eyes right† and I look over and see my parents. My mom was crying as usual and my dad had the biggest smile on his face, it was a time I will always remember. Their little guy was finally a man.

Field Work essays

Field Work essays Many people go to the bar to relax after a long day of work. They sometimes meet up with friends or coworkers and discuss their day. People in public are very interesting in their interaction with others because nonverbal communication can be observed in virtually any situation. Bars are especially interesting because there are different personality labels. For example, there are the regulars who are there everyday at the same time, the couples who come before dinner to have their cocktails, and the drunks. The drunks are there no matter what time of day and stay for hours. The more interesting part in the observation is how the bartender is able to deal with all these different personality types. A bartender must be able to communicate with all of these personality types in order to do his job well. A good bartender must demonstrate and often alter his communication styles on a daily basis. The hypothesis is when visiting a sports bar, a male bartender, in general, will interact with his customers more effective than a female bartender. This is because males tend to know more about sports history than females do and male bartenders seem to relate to bar stories better than female bartenders. In sports bars, there is always some type of sporting event on the television. If a male bartender can have a conversation about the event on the television, he can then build a relationship with that customer and in turn keep the customer at his bar longer. This observation was conducted at Putters Bar and Grill at Pheasant Run Golf Course strictly to observe the bartender. The first visit was around three oclock in the afternoon on Friday. There were only four people at the bar. They were older men in their late 50s or early 60s. They had just come in from a round of golf. They were all drinking whiskey on the rocks and adding up their scorecards. The bartender, who is male poured their drinks and ...

An Investigation into the effect of Temperature on the release of Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essays

An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essays An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay An Investigation into the effect of  Temperature on the release of  Betalain from Beetroot Tissue Essay The aim of this investigation is to see what if any affect temperature has on the release of Betalain from beetroot tissue. To carry out this investigation I am going to need the following equipment and materials. Apparatus Electric water bath This will be needed to keep the water temperature consistent throughout the experiment at the various required temperatures. Thermometer This will be used to check that the water bath is heating accurately at the required temperatures throughout the investigation. Colorimeter This is what will measure the affect that the heat has on the membrane by measuring how much light passes through the solution. These are the apparatus that will be used to heat and record the data but in order to use these other apparatus must be used too; Test tubes Syringe (to accurately measure the fluid amounts) Cork borer (to shape the beetroot equally) Curettes Measuring cylinder Scalpel Materials Beetroot Distilled Water Method Cut out three pieces of beetroot about 2cms long using a cork borer. Place the cylinders of beetroot on a tile or board and using the scapulae cut into discs 5mm thick. Label 3 test tubes, A B C for each of the temperatures to be tested. The temperatures required are 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c Put 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water in each test tube Place the three test tubes for the required temperature in the water bath and heat to the required temp if needed Check the required temp has been reached using the thermometer to measure both the water bath and the test tubes temps Place the three pieces of beetroot in the three test tubes and leave for two minuets After the time is over remove the test tubes from the water bath and using the syringe which should be clean, extract 5cl from each solution to fill up a curette for each which should also be labelled, check no pieces of beetroot are in the curette Set the Colorimeter to 0 % transmission with water Make quantitative measurements using the colorimeter and record for each Repeat method for each of the temperatures Variables INPUT Temperatures, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 80 CONTROL Beetroot size/shape, beetroot type (use same beetroot), pH amount of the water, temperature consistency, time in waterbath OUTPUT Rate of diffusion measured using colorimeter to measure concentration of dye (Betalain) in solution Explanation My input variable will be the temperature. This will be held at constant temperatures by the water bath and the temperatures changed consistently. The water temperature needs to be held consistently while the diffusing is taking place so that the rate isnt affected and it is a fair test. My control variables will be controlled in the following ways. The size/shape of the beetroot will be controlled by the cork borer and by measuring its length. This has to be done and it is important that it is done accurately because the volume to surface area needs to be the same. This is needed so the rate of diffusion is the same for each piece of beetroot before the temperature is changed. Beetroot type will be the same because I intend to use the same Beetroot unless I run out! The Beetroot will be left covered while not being used and the only pieces to be cut from it will be the ones for the temperature, which will be measured next. This will prevent any of the beetroot drying up as if the membranes dry up they will release less Betalain. It will also prevent any individual differences between the beetroots affecting the results. Distilled water will be used so as to keep the pH of the water the same. The pH needs to be consistent because it will affect the rate of diffusion, for instance a high acidic pH would denature the proteins in the membranes and completely compromise the results. The temperatures will be kept constant by the water bath as explained in the input. Output Data will be recorded by the rate of diffusion. This will be the rate at which the Betalain will have diffused from the beetroot to the solution over the given amount of time. This will be measured by the transmission of the water as read by the colorimeter. This will give an accurate reading of how great the concentration of the dye in the water will be. This can be used to work out the rate of diffusion by dividing the transmission % of the solution by the time given for the diffusion to take place. % / Time = Rate of Diffusion This is assuming the pigment release is constant Equipment Details Colorimeter, device used to compare or measure colours and their intensities. A simple colorimeter uses an optical system to place an unknown colour, such as of a chemical sample, next to a well-established colour. In more advanced devices this comparison field can be adjusted in various quantifiable ways. In some, photoelectric cells may be used to measure the transmitted light. Colorimeters are used in chemical research and in various industries, such as the manufacture of dye and paint. The Colorimeter is the best way to measure the diffusion rate with the equipment, which we have available to us. There are not many other alternatives and using eye site to measure colour would be very in accurate. The Colorimeter is very accurate providing it is set first for water having 100% transmission. It is a reliable piece of equipment, which is well suited to this investigation. Electric Water Bath, heats water to a required temperature and then maintains this temperature for as long as required. This is the best piece of equipment to use to get reliable, constant temperatures throughout the investigation. It can heat to exactly the required temperature and hold it whist the beetroot is placed in the test tubes. This would not be possible with a Bunsen Burner. The Thermometer will be used to check the reliability of the water bath. The syringe will be used to get an accurate amount of distilled water in the test tubes and then will be used to distract the solution afterwards without beetroot and placing it in a curette. The cork borer will be used to shape the beetroot consistently as explained in the method and variables. The scapulae will be used to cut the shaped beetroot into the right size and the curettes are what the colorimeter uses to read the transmission of the solution. Method Details I am going to use the following temperature ranges to collect my data; 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 ; 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. I have decided to use these to give me a valid and reliable set of results to analyse and draw graphs and conclusions from. I intend to start at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C because this is the normal temperature of Beetroot and will give me a good basis to work from. Not only will this give me readings for the investigation at normal temperatures but with the equipment available to me it is the lowest temperature I am willing to go to. Going lower would mean having to use ice, which I dont intend to use as it would be very hard to keep constant and may impeded the results. I that two minuets should be sufficient for the diffusion to take place as Beetroot releases a large amount of betalain under normal conditions when cut. I feel that once in heated water or even in water at room temperature within two minuets enough betalain should have diffused for relevant data to be collected. I am also worried that if the Beetroot is left to long the rate of diffusion will slow and that the time taken to reach this point will decrease as the temperature increases. This would not help as my formula for working out the rate of diffusion, (transmission / time) is dependent on the pigment release being constant. I feel that allowing only two minuets for the diffusion will avoid this happening. The data collected will be taken from the solutions after the two minuets is up. The syringe, which should be clean so as not to affect the solution, will be used to extract 5cl from the solution. This will then be put into a curette, and its transmission measured by the colorimeter. No bits of Beetroot should be in the solution as this could show up on the readings. The transmissions will be recorded in a results table. These will be recorded as percentages as that is how the colorimeter reads them. They then need to be recorded as their rate of diffusion using the formulae. Each of the three rates for each temperature need then to be added up and given as an average. This is done to avoid anomalous results. if there are any outstanding anomalies then they should be removed before the averages are worked out. After the averages have been recorded graphs can be drawn up and then analysed for correlation or anomalous results. Scientific theories can then be used to explain the results and then conclude the investigation. Changes in Method There were some problems whilst collecting the results which may have an affect on the findings from them. Firstly was with the temperatures of the water baths which we heated the beetroot in; these were less reliable than I had hopped as far as keeping the water at a consistent temperature. They could not hold the water at exactly 35à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ or 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C etc so temperatures were recorded from around the right temperature, and that temperature recorded with them. I would also have liked the water baths to be as consistent as possible but Im not sure they were as once they reached the required temperature they turned off. This may mean that the temperatures varied slightly over the five minuet period the beetroot was left to diffuse, however I still feel that the temperatures recorded are varied enough and close enough to the original aims to still be used to analyse and solve the problem. The Colorimeters readings may also have an affect on the results. This is because they did not always read consistently. This could be because of smudges on either on the curettes or on the lens or perhaps due to the particles moving around in the solution. I feel, however that the data collected has been accurate enough and varied enough to analyse and solve the problem fairly. I also found that two minuets did not prove a sufficient amount of time for the diffusion to take place, and so I extended the time to 10 minuets. This is because I found that I had underestimated the rate of diffusion from the beetroot and that after just 2 minuets not very much dye had diffused at all and comparisons would be small. By leaving the Beetroot longer it allowed more Betalain to diffuse and a wider range of results to work with. Analysis of original Results The original set of results look quite promising. I have used the colorimeter to obtain data for; absorption, transmission and the rate of reaction. The absorption and transmission are readings given by the colorimeter and can be used to work out each other. The formula to use to work out the transmission from the absorption is to take the absorption from 100 to get a percentage for the transmission of the colorimeter reading. And this is the formula I have used in my results table (100-a) which was created using Microsoft Excel. The next figure in the table is the Rate of Diffusion per Minuet, which is the figure I intend to use to analyse my findings with. This is worked out by dividing the absorption by 5, (a/5) the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for (this is presuming the diffusion rate was consistent). This then relates directly back to the problem which asked how temperature affected the rate of diffusion of betalain from beetroot to water over a given amount of time. I have recorded all three of these in the table for each of the temperatures implemented and for all five repetitions I have then added them and divided by five to give an average. I have also included the size of the beetroot in mm (length multiplied by diameter), the weight of the beetroot in grams, the volume of water from the test tube and the time in minuets. These are all control variables but I have included them in the table so all relevant stats are visible and they can be shown as consistent. There are however some anomalous looking results, I have highlighted these results red but have not removed them yet. I will draw up a graph first and analyse the results further before deciding if these results are having to much of an effect on the averages to be included in the findings. Analysis The graph has used the rate of diffusion per minuet results from the results table. The calculation for this is the absorption rate divided by five; the amount of minuets the beetroot was left for. This gives you the amount a figure for the amount of diffusion taking place every minuet presuming the diffusion is consistent. The graph shows a clear positive correlation for greater heat, greater release of Betalain. This would be because the hotter the Betalain gets the more energy its molecules will get and the more motion they will make and the more will diffuse through the membrane of the beetroot and into the water. However there is a large range in the error bars on most of the results and some overlap. I feel this could be because of the results I highlighted in the table I am therefore going to redo the table without these anomalies and see if I can improve the quality of the graph and findings. Edited Results Temp (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) Figure Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Repeat 4 Repeat 5 Average 25 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3.2 2.2 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.12 35 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 4.4 4 4.6 4.4 4.32 45 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.6 5.2 5 6.4 6 5.44 55 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10.8 13 11.2 10 12.4 11.48 65 Rate %minà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 14 14.2 14.6 15.4 15 14.64 I have removed the anomalies and used the average of the other four readings for that temperature to fit the Excel formula. This has given me more consistent results and should help to get a better correlation on the graph for my final readings. I have also removed the Absorption and Transmission readings from the table to make it more condensed and easier to read and evaluate. I decided that in this table only the essential figures should be kept in, the ones that I will be using to create my final graph with. Therefore I have gotten rid of the size, weight, water volume and time as these are all consistent and do not need to be present on the graph. Analysis Removing the main anomalies from the results has made the graph look more accurate and more relevant. There are smaller error bars and the results are in a better correlation. The only Results not closely corallined are those for 55à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but because these results were so varied that picking out anomalies would not work here. The line on the graph is more of a steeper gradient and would form an S shape if I were to draw a line of best fit on it. Conclusion and Background Information I can now conclude that the relationship between heat and diffusion on a beetroots membrane is that the greater the heat, the greater the rate of diffusion. This is as I expected and of no great surprise. The main reason for this would be because the greater the heat, the greater the energy the Betalain molecules would have and the more motion they would have. This would lead to more diffusing in a shorter amount of time. The cell membranes main function is to serve as a boundary between the cell and its environment. It is just like other organelles in the cell in that it serves the cell by having its own specialised jobs. In terms of beetroot the Betalain is contained within the cell membrane, if this membrane is broken or disrupted the pigment will be released. Temperature may be the cause of the disruption. High temperatures could distort the active site of the carrier, channel of gated proteins, therefore affecting the shape of the fluid mosaic model membrane which may release the betalian or other molecules held inside the beetroot. Temperature can also affect the rate at which the diffusion takes place by giving the particles more energy. I feel that this is more likely to be what caused the higher rate of diffusion rather than the disruption which was caused by cutting the beetroot up. This has been shown on the graph and in the results and I can now conclude that the higher the temperature of the water and Beetroot the higher the rate of diffusion will be over the semi permeable membrane. Evaluation The Problem has been solved and even though there were anomalies and some of the equipment was perhaps not as accurate as would have been preferred the experiment has been a success and there can be no doubt of the effect on heat on the rate of diffusion of Betalain between the membrane of a beetroot and water. There were limitations with the amount of equipment we could use and on methods we used as we only had the schools supply of equipment and only two lessons in which to collect data. The first of which and perhaps the most important of which was the water bathes. Water Bathes These were supposed to keep a level and consistent temperature throughout the duration of the experiment. This however they did not do, they did not reach the required temperatures very well and there gages often read differently to the thermometers used to back them up. Also once the required temperature or at least what the water bathes considered as the required temperature was reached, the water bathes shut themselves off. There would then be no heat or buffer to keep the temperature constant. Whilst this is a much more effective and accurate way of reaching the temperatures and conducting the experiment than using Bunsen burners or any of the other equipment the school could have provided, it was a bit disappointing that it couldnt hold its temperature. The poor precision of the water bathes could have had an effect on the data recorded. The experiments were supposed to be conducted at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C but the real temperatures were from around these temperatures. This could have led to variation in the in the in the data collected as some of the error bars were quite large, for instance the changing temperatures could mean that once you returned to repeat the experiment the water bath would be at a different temperature to when you first recorded the results. Another factor affecting the difference in results could the position in the water bathe, if two different thermometers (the water bathes thermostat and the separate thermometer) are reading different temperatures then maybe the temperature isnt consistent throughout the water bathe at the same time. If one test tube was placed directly above the heater and another away from it they would have different temperatures leading to a deviance in the results. This lack of reliability may have had an effect on the conclusions as well as the results. On the first graph the error bars were clearly to large and needed editing to remove the anomalies and redo a more consistent line. The figures used for the graphs were suppose to be for the rate of reaction and to work this out the diffusion should have been constant, but if the temperatures werent constant then its probable that the diffusion wasnt either. This could not be helped though and differences although there were some anomalies were fairly consistent and showed enough reliability to be analysed, concluded and explained using Biological Knowledge.

Risk Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

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Romanticism in Literary France - Essay Example Eventually the royalist establishment would also have reason to be disturbed by romanticism's revolutionary ideological component and would suddenly represent some of it most vehement assailants. The difficulty of this position especially for the royalists is described by the author as a, "still more awkward position, fighting against a doctrine without being able to attack even its living followers who were all good royalists and whose support the party did not want to lose" (Lanyi 150). The revelation that to attack the genre effectively and coherently required an ad hominem excoriation of its practitioners as opposed to a formal stylistic criticism is indicative of the politicized aesthetic that defines this critical mode of discourse. Â  On stylistic grounds, the most cogent presentation that was provided in the article came from Francois-Benoit Hoffman, an orthodox critic, who intended to meet romanticism on its own literary terms in a review of Hugo's Nouvelles Odes (Lanyi 145 ). The main thrust of this argument is that romanticism seeks futilely to circumvent the real world, a world of naturalistic images and empirical references, and attempts to access the ideal world a world that is necessarily mediated by the natural. This epistemological confusion results in highly idealized, obscurantist and difficult prose. The failure to recognize the basic mediatory of romanticism fundamentally broken. The classicists' awareness of this issue prompts them to acknowledge.... The liberal antagonism towards romanticism was engendered for two specific reasons. Initially, it was seen as a decadent and extravagant form of literature whose aristocratic appeal was disturbing, and many of the practitioners of this new form of literature were members of the royalist faction in France and consequently the products of such an association were necessarily tainted with royalist ideology. Eventually the royalist establishment would also have reason to be disturbed by romanticism's revolutionary ideological component and would suddenly represent some of it most vehement assailants. The difficulty of this position especially for the royalists is described by the author as a, "still more awkward position, fighting against a doctrine without being able to attack even its living followers who were all good royalists and whose support the party did not want to lose" (Lanyi 150). The revelation that to attack the genre effectively and coherently required an ad hominem excori ation of its practitioners as opposed to a formal stylistic criticism is indicative of the politicized aesthetic that defines this critical mode of discourse. On stylistic grounds, the most cogent presentation that was provided in the article came from Francois-Benoit Hoffman, an orthodox critic, who intended to meet romanticism on its own literary terms in a review of Hugo's Nouvelles Odes (Lanyi 145). The main thrust of this argument is that romanticism seeks futilely to circumvent the real world, a world of naturalistic images and empirical references, and attempts to access the ideal world a world that is necessarily mediated by the natural. This epistemological confusion results in highly idealized, obscurantist and difficult prose. The failure to